The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review

The Devil Makes drop dead by Clarke and Critcher ReviewIn this essay I shall review The devil makes bleed by Clarke and Critcher. Using wider nurture I shall evaluate the books strengths and weaknesses and suggest implications for the sociology of untenanted.The book deals with the historical development of what we now call waste. The change from older forms of economic markets to capitalistic industrialisation forced a schism in the work/leisure relationship. The identification of leisure as the sphere in which needs be satisfied and fun found simultaneously makes work slight susceptible to criticism as unsatisfactory and more than(prenominal) salient as that which has to be tolerated to earn the freedom of leisure.1This demarcation is seen as the ruler victory, in a stream of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of labour is made more tolerable by leisure activities and pursuits. Work became a means to an end, leisure.The sphere of leisure offered the ruling classes the opportunity to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious ways, permeating what was supposed to be free time. If the functional class wants alcohol and music, it shall have them but only to be consumed under certain reasons.2 Under the guise of caring for workers needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the paramount ruling classes could ensure that time away from work was spent in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was to ensure their outputivity thus perpetuating the capitalist market.The establishment of leisure as consumptionhas besides been of considerable signifi sackce.3 This was capitalisms second great victory. The capitalist process, at its most fundamental, is consumption. By turning leisure into a commodity, to be bought, sold and used, revenue could be exploited. The irony and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist ideology, feeding that ideolog y with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher.The book points out the fallacy of the freedom of leisure. The much vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the profoundly n binglequivalent distribution of wealth.4 Instead of rampart to the fact that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do have all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by companionable division and unequal distribution. Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link between the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they conceptualise leisure as being a by product of what we term as work. Leisure is defined by work, caused by work and needed because of work.Resistance to leisure models is ultimately futile. The market can non on the whole control how leisure products are used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisioned. Th is would be seen as resistance except, Such strategies whitethorn modify but can non challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of whatsoever commodity, we mustiness first enter the market as consumers to acquire it.5The major forms and expositions of leisure seem to be changing under the diverse pressures of economic recession and the transition to a post-industrial society.6 The piece ends with whatever predictions. The authorized (1985) change to a post industrial society would cause mass unemployment. This unemployment would greatly impact leisure, not least because in the capitalist model leisure time is a reward for work, when a person isnt working they receive fewer rewards.Clarke and Critchers work has its place in a continuum of bolshie thought.Simmel stated, In this context thus, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and physical energies in work break us to require leisure.7 These notions relief the work of Clarke and Critcher, that leisure is a reward for time spent working. The real purpose of leisure is to repair and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex.The ruling Bourgeois idea of leisure, for Veblen8, was conspicuous consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth through the purchase of commodities. For Freud, it was, se bring to this objectivity whichviewing the individual asconsumerregarded pleasure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.9 Freud depicted the Bourgeois ego as deriving its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, both implicitly and explicitly, the subordinate classes were compelled to adopt this view because, the ideas of the bourgeois class are the ruling ideas in society.10 These notions support Clarke and Critchers assumptions.Clarke and Critcher state that their work, Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions ab out what is or is not leisure.11 Moorhouse raises the very salient point that one could consider it blithely base to conduct query without first defining what it is one is researching12. Clarke and Critcher rely on the self evident truth of what leisure is. Self evident truths are, quite often, less than self evident. They rely on common sense notions, but in this case sense is not necessarily common. For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse To allow that give labour can be, for most, a source of satisfaction, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.13Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure may no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher themselves state that they are writing during a time of transition to post-industrial society. If one takes this claim seriously then it has fundamental implications. The introduction of flexi-time and the development of human relations techniques in ma nagement have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for m any(prenominal) workersMoreover, technical progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.14 Technology, in particular that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home further blurring the lines of what constitutes work and leisure. The dualistic and simplistic grievance as found in Clarke and Critcher may no longer serve. Their account seems isolated in a very unique(predicate) moment, a moment of change. As note above, they attempted predictions. Mass and continued unemployment never occurred and one can question how much this fact weakens the conclusions they derived.Some sociologists see leisure as a site for developing essential social networks, places that maintain and improve cohesion and interaction15. If one considers Simmels conception that sociability is leisure in its, Pure form,16 then one might conclude that the development of leisure networks are a morally strong occurrence that let actors enjoy true or axenic leisure, pleasure and fun. social structure may also be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.17 The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the mobile oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and in that respect is no room for any real dialogue between workers and capitalist ideology. 18 Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is rarely that simple.Feminist theorists such as Wearing19 raise the issues of the problem of womens experiences of leisure. Though raised in Clarke and Crichters work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply enough into the feminist sociological perspective. The geomorphological and pervasive ideology of Marxism is, in many ways, present in feminist accounts, until now particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is exclusively the preserve of men, and is not exclusivel y economic. Theorists such as Butler20 indicate the problem of explaining womens position in society while being forced to use the only language available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.21. If one is a womanhood then that is surely not all that one isgender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively represent identities.22In conclusion, Critcher and Clarkes work fits very neatly at bottom Marxist theoretical framework. As such it has the strengths, and indeed weaknesses, of much Marxist and neo-Marxist theory. Using any one methodology can leave a study exposed to accusations of one dimensionalism. This is a charge that can be levelled, probably fairly, at their thesis. non only this, but the book, timed during a change in leisure practices, is dated and some of its conclusions are clearly inaccurate. Nonetheless that is not to say that the text is of no use as it does repres ent many of the dominant ideas that course throughout the study of leisure. The best way to proceed is to use all of the implications noted here, and yet separates, when investigating the sociology of leisure.BibliographyLeisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. promulgated by Macmillan press 1989The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 shipway of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 sex activity deflect by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959Footnotes1 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-952 Ibid p953 Ibid p954 Ibid p965 Ibid p2016 Ibid p2007 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p838 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 19599 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p6910 Ibid p10111 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii12 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 198913 Ibid p2514 Ibid p10815 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 199416 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p8717 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p11218 At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, the very entry into the market process taints any actio n with is ideological stigma.19 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 199820 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 199921 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 199022 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p6Case Study Socio-Economic Influences on HealthCase Study Socio-Economic Influences on HealthZivile Mikucioniene institutionIn the year 2005 the wellness publicityal material has been defined by World Health Organization. This program enables heap to pose control over their wellness and its determinants. through and through a wellnessy public policy the wellness promotion program can be occurred. Income, employment, housing, food security and type working conditions are the fundamentals of public policy. Recently this program is initiated in UK. It shows that at that place is a relationship between wellness promotion and social marketing. The potentiality of the integrative nature of the approaches has been highlighted and reinforced. By the time beings the program is developing and involving leanings of different sectors. The UK is integrating the elements of effective health promotion approaches with pertinent learning from social marketing and opposite disciplines and has adopted holistic approach.Task-1ALO1.1 The effects of socio-economic influences on Marys healthThe health issues are closely colligate with the factors of socio-thriftiness. The factors have a great effect on health. Income is considered as a factor of health and if income is low the health will be poor. Moreover, health will also be fracture, when the income is higher. The factors are income and social status, physical environment, upbringing, genetics, gender, social support networks and health expediencys.Mary is a gravid woman working in a supermarket in her city. As her income is not sufficient for keeping good health, she suffers from many problems. The effects of socio-economic inf luences on Marys health are many. The impacts of socio-economic influences on Marys health are affable support networks Social support networks of Mary were not good. For this reason, she could not maintain the socio-economic influences.Low income Marys income was low. For this the low income have a great impact of socio-economy as sanitary as on her health.Education Mary was not so much well educated. So, she cant influence the socio-economic factors.Genetics As a woman Mary has some limitations. She cant move to all side because of her pregnancy.LO1.2 The significance of regime sources in reporting on inequalities in health political sympathies research says that adverse environmental conditions create some significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, inwardly countries and within communities. As a professional woman Mary is facing some socioeconomic inequalities regarding health. In the light of governm ent reports Mary is facing the following inequalities-Social inequalities tie in to ambient air qualityThere is an inconsistent relationship between exposure to socioeconomic status and air pollution. In some cases, the socioeconomic groups are in vulnerable position than the affluent group who are at higher risk. Factors affecting this include pre-existing health conditions, cumulative exposures and first derivative housing affordability in different geographical areas.Social inequalities associated with housing and residential locationMost research identified people as being more at risk of exposure to environmental hazards, both within the dwelling, chemical and biological contamination, temperature, noise, sanitary equipment and in the inhabited are from lower socioeconomic groups.Gender inequalitiesGender inequality is a great issue regarding health. Biological and social factors influence the way in which environmental factors influence health. Women are restricted in some w ays such as in workplace or in society and these restrictions create inequalities.Social inequalities in the working environment and work related health riskOccupational breeding is quite related with health. The grade of employment, job control, job demands and economic rewards are the different aspects influencing professional life. The education and income as well as other factors like unemployment, immigration status, ethnicity and gender are the occupational factors that influence health condition.Education inequalitiesEducation is somehow related to health. It is education which attends people to bemuse a better job and be on a better financial position. But Mary is not exceedingly educated as she quit school at the age of 15. Thats why it is quite difficult to get a good job and lead a better and healthy life for her.Financial inequalitiesResearches says that women are incoming low than men. As income is quite related to health so women are get unequal services than men. In Marys case she works on a supermarket 16 hours a week. That is not a high compose job and she doesnt get a very handsome amount as a salary. So it is quite difficult for her to get a better health flush for her and her baby.Government research found out the aspects of socioeconomic inequalities which help to create a social advisedness. The above aspects are quite related to Marys condition and we must say she is adversely affected by socioeconomic inequality.LO1.3 The reasons and the possible barriers for Mary accessing health careHealth care is very essential for everyone because we all know health is wealth. The objectives of accessing health care are prevention of disease and disability, overall physical, social, and mental health status, quality of life, detection and treatment of health conditions, life expectancy, preventable death,.There are several reasons behind Marys accessing in health care. Under pregnant condition Mary used to fastball for that reason her physi cal condition was not good. Besides, she tried to change her lifestyle. Moreover, she wants to take care of her health.There are some barriers to Marys accessing health care. For those barriers she has problem to take health care. Some of the main barriers of Marys accessing health care areGeographical barriers Because the standoffishness of Health care centre Mary cant go to the Heath care centre.Cultural barriers For the cultural barriers Mary cant go to the Heath care centre.Financial barriers Financial ability or condition of Mary was not good. For the high cost of health care Mary cant access to this.There are also some reasons and barriers for Mary to go to the health care Centre. But these are the main reasons and barriers behind accessing health care.Task-1BLO2.1 the think between government strategies and models of health promotionGovernment plays an important contribution to improve the health care service of the country. They took improve the health condition of the co untrymen and prevent the adverse effect of socioeconomic inequalities. There are also some models which are developed to provide better health care. However there are some links between the government strategies and models. We identify some relations between them shown as follows-Encourage fulfilment of smoking.To ensure health service for every class of people such as low income people, affluent group.There are some initiatives taken to deal with social problems and health inequalities match to health promotion model.Bring out the socioeconomic group from vulnerable position.Make sure that no gender inequalities can lead any hold out to take health service.Make a healthy living for the citizens for the purpose of living a healthy life.It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. No inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he o r she is. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. And these get ahead proper care and treatment for the pregnant women. And these strongly admonish smoking as well so that no people die in cancer.LO2.2The procedure of different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by governmentThere are many professionals who help the government to go to the targets of health promotions. The role of different professionals in health and social care are many for health promotion. The professionals help or support is much more important for the government to go through the goals.Nursing and Midwifery Council guidelines help Mary to protect her confidentiality. Mary gets the superfluous benefits from the professionals to the health promotions. Those professionals help Mary to take health care for meeting health promotion targets set by the government.There are many roles performed by the different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. They are as followHelp to cure the diseasesHelp to prevent from diseasesHelp for nursing in time of pregnancyHelp economicallyHelp to minimize riskHelp to get tug of povertyThese are the roles played by different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government.LO2.3 The role of routines in promoting healthy living with respect to MaryHealthy living is the pre-condition for the self-development of any person. Mary has a unborn fry as she is pregnant. It is more important for the woman with a unborn child.A routine life is the pre-condition, to maintain a healthy body or to prevent from any diseases. Mary must follow a routine to protect herself as well as her unborn child as she is a pregnant woman.Mary should not smoke specially at her pregnancy period because it can harm herself and mostly her unborn child. She may lose her health and her unborn child may also be affected to the diseases, if she does so. She can be healthy and can protect her unborn baby, by following the routine. Otherwise, she may get sick or her child may also be sick.At at last we can say to maintain a healthy life Mary can follow a routine which can help Mary to prevent from any kind of diseases. The unborn child may also be safe from the routine life like not smoking in the pregnancy time. Because, smoking can harm Mary as well as her unborn child.Task-2LO3.1 The theories of health fashion and health beliefs transformation into behaviorThere are many theories of health behavior in health promotion sectors. Some of the important theories of health behavior are as followsOrganizational change theoryCommunity organization theoryDiffusion of innovations theoryTheory of planned behaviorSocial learning/ social cognitive theoryTheory of reasoned actionThese theories are more often used in transformation of the health beliefs into th e behavior. Mary believes those health beliefs and does her duties and maintains her lifestyle in the following ways. Those health beliefs once may go to the behavior of her. These theories transform Marys health beliefs to her behavior.After all we pay back that through the health beliefs Mary makes it to the behavior of herself. Marys health behavior theories can transform the health beliefs into the behavior.LO3.2 the potential effects of conflicts with local attention on health promotionGovernment earns from various sources. Tax from local tobacco industry is one of those sources. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two.With millions of their customers either dying from tobacco-related illnesses or quitting each year, it is critical for the tobacco industry to keep recruiting new smokers. There is an obvious confl ict while government earning from the tobacco industry and on the other side initiating health promotion program which is strongly discouraging tobacco business.As we know from the case that Mary is a smoker. From the view of national economy it is contributing in the national economy. But it is so much injurious to health and causes cancer. It is also detrimental to her unborn child. The health promotion program is initiated to discourage all activities that harmful to health. It encouraging the prevention of all inequalities that Mary face while accessing to health care. It strongly encourages cessation of smoking.There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is growing. The health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. But it provides a segment of government income every year through taxation. If the promotion program continues than the government income source will be narrowed. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will carry on a great risk for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a lowest level and make them aware of the gloomy effect of smoking.LO3.3 The importance of providing relevant health related randomness to the publicThe government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions.Mary is a pregnant woman lives in UK. So the government and the authorities should provide her all health related information to avoid any kinds of health hazards.For example health related information can make the health of Mary sounder than anything else. So it is more important for Mary to get the proper health related information.Another example can be that, if proper health related information would available to Mary before her pregnancy, she would not go to such awful habits like smoking cause, it is more harmful for h er to pregnancy. Therefore, she would get the defensive measures to prevent any diseases and her unborn child health.At last we see that information is more important for keeping better health for any pregnant woman like Mary. Thats why Mary should be provided with the relevant health related information by those of the authorities.Task-3LO4.1 understanding of health promotion and ability to plan a specific health promotion campaignThis work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign.It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. So no inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is.There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this numbe r is increasing. But it provides a hazard of government income every year through taxation. So the health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking.LO4.2 Health promotion campaign supports government health promotion strategiesThis health promotion campaign supports all the government health promotion strategies. The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Government research says that there are significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease from adverse environmental conditions. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities.Task 4 Self EvaluationI take help from the internet and books to complete the assignment. The assignment helps me a lot to understand the health promotion issues. I use the Wikipedia and many others web site to take on the data of the assignment. I have completed the assignment by myself. . I usually find the data of the assignment from the UK health promotion bureau. This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign. I see that it is more important to be more aware about the health issue to keep fit and be healthy. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. A portion of this income comes from the local tobacco industries. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. There are many sources of income of government. That means that this assignment helps me to find the ultimate benefit and understanding about the health promotion sector. certaintyHealth promotion program is a very important issue. Marys health promotion is basically more important for her to maintain her health and her unborn child care. The promotional activities are also an important activity for anyone to follow.ReferencesWorld health organization(1986). WHO, Geneva. Ottawa charter on health promotionIn Davies, J, and MacDonald, G, (eds) Quality, health promotion Striving for Certainties. pp-5-11Epp , J. (1986) Evidence, and Effectiveness in Health Promotion Striving for Certainties, Routledge, London, UK, pp, 5-18MacDonald, G. and Davies, J. (1998) Reflec tion And vision Proving and improving the promotion of health.Rapfael, D. (2000) The question of evidence in health promotion. Health Promotion International