Culture of Laughter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture of Laughter - Essay Example Bean is that their writers have determined 'laughter' as a reaction that serves the function of a social sanction. In this context Bergson's research on laughter theory reveals that the function of comedy is to correct the 'follies' of mankind by making them appear ridiculous. In other words, such event in which any actor performs 'antisocially' generates an amusing situation. The power of laughter as a social sanction has thus been elucidated in many comedy movies as well as comics. On the other hand, we have seen that the theory of the 'corrective' function of laughter is inadequate to explain its arousal by verbal wit, which as we have seen is similar to any other type of ludicrous situation in many movies of Loriot. However, this is not the case with Mr. Bean, as Mr. Bean comedies revolve around gestures and expressions. Both the characters represent comedies in a social environment however, the difference exists in their way of representing; Loriot with less expressions and more humour whereas Mr. Bean with more physicality in the comedy. Vicco von Bulow, a German humour performer of comedy remembered as 'Loriot' is best known as a 'cartoonist' for the movies in which he used to perform. His famous work contains television series 'Loriot'. 'Odipussi' and 'Pappa ante portas' are his well known comedies in which he performed not only as a comedian but as a performer. (Loriot, 2007a) Though an all-rounder in artistic works (writer, director and poet), Loriot highlights humour in most of his comedy films and dramas by presenting a series of 'laughing' events, but still one wonders how the sheer relief of such events, whether in the participator who escapes in person or in the observer who watches a peril that passes him touch others, marks a distinct species of laughter. (Gregory, 1924, p. 22) Among all societies one finds a more or less organised system of social sanctions related to the prevailing code of right and wrong. Such sanctions may be positive, that is, designed to encourage socially desirable behaviour or they may be negative, that is, they may serve to discourage anti-social behaviour. Loriot's comedies inhibit all the characteristics of such positive and negative loopholes of the society in such a critical manner that one does not have any option other than to laugh. His comedies are non physical in nature as compared with those of Mr. Bean's and present before us the flaws of modern society in combination with humour and laugher that one does not feel awkward. Though such sanction exist in all societies, and any theory which is to explain their meaning must take account of their various manifestations in totally different types of social structure, but the way Loriot presents our society's dilemmas is much more than what viewer expects. (Piddington, 1963, p. 117) In other words we can say that Loriot presents society in a critical manner. Loriot's Humour If we analyse Loriot's work in the light of Bergson's laughter theory, most of his films represent laughter triggering in a social surrounding. Following the notion that laughter only triggers among humans, his films highlight all the antisocial happenings but in a social environment. This is evident from one of his dramas 'once upon a noodle', in which Loriot confronts a situation where all the restaurant members

System Architectures Essay Example for Free

System Architectures Essay It is true that most companies now are looking at how to be competitive in their business, whether they improved their internal processes through improving manpower skills or improving customer service. But those improvements does not end there, most companies would also look into improving their systems through their computer systems and that is the main focus of this research as to how this will take on the future challenges of most organization. One of the most very prevalent these days when it comes to computer systems is the utmost availability of it to almost everybody, like most people these days can access their emails and systems through their mobile phone and can make orders at the comfort of their homes and could even provide them alarms and updates even without them asking for it. These are just some of the trends that continue to affect the business and how it brings business to end users. One of the future of computer systems includes the providing online data and information to everybody, which can be provided by systems that specializes for data sharing with high end technology for instant querying and report for any information that people needs. This kind of systems continues to be the demand and will be more very in demand in the future as most organization would need much information to help them prepared for bigger challenges. Some of these systems include these great features: (1) tailored data grids, (2) supports tailored fir RDBMS, and (3) adopts hybrid architecture of other systems, meaning it can constantly be adoptable and interconnected to other wide systems around the world. This will grow more on more in the future and it will be the information need of anybody that drives a lot to this kind of system. But, the implementation of this kind of system would take a lot of research and understanding to all the different challenges of any organization for it to be adoptable and be appreciative to the growing information public who would need it. (Comito, C. , Gournaris, A. , Sakellario, R. , Talia, D, 2008). Another future of computer systems will be more on the scientific and engineering side; this is because there are continuing focus on improvement on the research and development where it has been the vital part of the economic stability of any business. This continues to provide high efficiency and quality to any product it develops; due to its accuracy bound systems that help stabilize production in most scientific research organization. This also becomes a major need for most organization these days as they already identified the weakness of most products in the market that did not applied high end computerized systems which in result affects the appreciation of the greater meticulous market. The main emphasis here is that it provides high quality and originality to any product and that already is one major attraction and enticement to many end users and buyers around the world, because nowadays technology for them is important and it really matters the most. In line with this the future will also be going into web based scientific and engineering computing system that would also helps scientist and engineers in coming up with better upgrade and fix of their systems online and would not anymore be implemented within offices. This not only helps them to be more flexible but more importantly gives them productivity and efficiency since their systems can be access at their own convenience. This also attracts more business owners to also do business off shore and in return also gives them lesser cost in labor and other expense. (Future Generation of Computer Systems, n. d.). Work Cited Comito, C. , Gournaris, A. , Sakellario, R. , Talia, D. (2008). A service-oriented system for distributed data querying and integration on Grids. Science Direct. Retrieved 16 February 2009 from http://journalseek.net/

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Homophobia and Self-hatred :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Essays - A Debt that Must be Paid    Adolescence, under the best of all circumstance, is a time of great stress and confusion for young people. Bodies, relationships to friends and family, and moods change rapidly as social, psychological, and physiological puberty is navigated.    In this society, to be an adolescent who is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered (hereafter referred to as 'gay') means to be at significant risk for suicide, depression, dropping out of school, violence, homelessness, rejection from family, prostitution and substance abuse.    Estimates suggest that at least three million children and adolescents in the United States are homosexual.    For this group, the societal stressor of homophobia (both external and internal) adds a significant and often lethal component. Researchers estimate that up to one-third of all adolescents who commit suicide are lesbian or gay. In addition, gay teens are two to three times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual counterparts.    Data collected in 1985 suggest that 85% of gay youth who attempt suicide also use illicit drugs. Nearly a quarter of that group had already undergone chemical dependency treatment. The mean age for suicide attempts is 15 years and most report multiple tries. Overdose and self-laceration account for 80% of these attempts.    National dropout statistics reveal that 28% of gay and lesbian high school students leave school because of physical and mental harassment resulting from their perceived sexual orientation. While in school, the data indicates that more than 37% of adult gays experienced threats, harassment, or violence in either junior high school or high school.    Feelings of social and emotional isolation are also are rampant. Four-fifths (80%) of gay adolescents report severe problems in this area. According to a 1986 survey, 40% of homeless youth identifies as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In addition, half of all lesbian and gay youth studied, report that their parents reject them because of their sexual orientation. It is estimated that 26% are forced to leave their own homes.    Gay youth are more likely to experience violence perpetrated upon them by family, school peers, and total strangers. Nationally collected data is not available, since the Bureau of Justice statistics do not indicate crimes against youth who are gay. Non-national studies show that of youth who report assault crimes, 46% say that their sexual orientation was an issue. More sadly, 61% of the violence perpetrated on this group occurred within their own family.

Case of Building Industry

Countries often have different models of government business relations. The nature of the political system in a country has particular influence over the governments’ relations with the business. Despite the common ground of being advanced liberal democracies, the United States and Spain have markedly different models of government business relations. The aim of the essay is to compare the government business relations in the United States and Spain with special reference to building industry.Different Trajectories The very business culture and the government’s relations with the business in Spain are markedly different from those of United States. For instance, it has been pointed out that â€Å"starting up a business in Spain remains more complicated than elsewhere, procedures more cumbersome, the steps more numerous, the documentation likewise. The twenty-eight weeks required to start a business in Spain contrast with the half-day required in the USA† (Rollin and Richardson, 2001, p.181). It is because of the prevailing nature of corruption that is resulted by the collusion between politicians and bureaucrats such obstruction of free enterprise exist in Spain. In the same way, closing down of a business in Spain too has been noted as extremely difficult. Eastaway and San Martin are of the opinion that â€Å"the housing market in Spain has become highly regulated through public intervention with the objective of satisfying the large and growing housing needs† (1999, p. 699).The Spanish government has pursued a range of policies in order to mitigate the situation ranging from subsidies to market intervention. As a result, the construction industry in Spain is distorted and less competitive. Even the successes of the United States small scale and medium size industries are attributed to government’s desire to support small business owners and entrepreneurship; finance, tax inducements, mentoring, training, and legislation allo wing limited liability for failure, all act in the interests of the entrepreneur.The entrepreneurial fabric and the social/cultural/economic framework support and encourage those wishing to embark on or expand an entrepreneurial venture† (Rollin and Richardson, 2001, p. 188). The American government has been persistent in providing the necessary infrastructure and business environment over the post second world war period. Through a business friendly approach, the American government ensures that there are more rewards and fewer risks for doing business in the United States. Moreover, the USA has long tradition of free enterprises contrary to the Spanish trajectory of protectionism.Historically speaking, the construction industry in Spain is deepened upon both the supply of domestic demand and the acquisition of foreign earnings. Franco’s dictatorial regime had installed a protective regime of business which perpetuated monopoly and discouraged free-market competition. The oil crisis in the mid 1970s had paralyzed the industry in a grave manner. The recovery came only with the join9ng of the European Community (EC) in 1986. The internal political situation had long been detrimental to the free economic development of Spain. Ahijado et al.have argued that â€Å"the aftermath of the civil war of the 1930s was international isolation and acute economic difficulties resulting from the destruction wrought during the war. Indeed, it took until 1950 for industrial production to return to its 1929 level, and the country remained over-whelmingly dependent on agriculture for employment† (1993, p. 91). Then, onwards, Spanish economy took a radical turn towards accelerated economic development fuelled by tourism and the steady flow of migrant labor. Both the enhanced tourism related development and migrant labor have helped a boom in the construction industry.However, the technological base of Spanish industry still remains low. In the recent period, S panish construction industry has undergone â€Å"a dramatic decrease in the average size of Spanish construction firms, in particular, and an increase in their use of subcontracting† (Gonzalez, 1998, p. 432). It has caused a structural fragmentation of the construction industry as a whole. The changing nature of emerging construction technologies have primarily contributed to the instabilities in the construction industry all over the world.The fragmentation of the construction industry in Spain is accompanied two different features of increasing number of firms and the decreasing average size of the firms. Gonzalez has forcefully argued that â€Å"the cause of observed fragmentation is changes in institutional restrictions, mainly labor and tax regulation† (1998, 440). The Spanish government has a lopsided and imbalanced policy towards competition in the construction industry as it promotes small business units against big firms.As a result, to be competitive, big fir ms have compelled to reconstitute themselves as smaller units and thereby prevent them from mobilizing great resources for the benefits of consumers. This tendency in Spain is clearly not in par with the United States government policy of promoting mergers and joint ventures by construction companies. Moreover, in Spain, there is even lost cost for creating new firms which too acts against the size of existing firms. American construction policy is mainly aimed at ensuring the security of buildings.There are large amount of regulations and standards set out by the various regulatory bodies appointed by the state governments and the federal government. It also aims to deal with possible production of low quality building materials. In brief, the building policy in the United States is highly bureaucratic and procedural as it attempts to save the industry from possible political corruption and the consequent violation of rules and regulations. It has been well observed that the politi cians-businessmen nexus in Spain has caused unnatural price rises in the housing industry.The effect such a phenomenal corruption cannot be contained within the borders of Spain as it is well integrated with the European Union Economy. In the United States, the use of precast concrete system is not widespread although it has proved to be more beneficial. Because, there is a major shortage of expert personnel that can design and manage building construction that makes use of precast concrete components. The main reason behind this general lack of expertise appears to be the deficient engineering and architecture curricula currently in effect in U. S. universities and colleges† (Polat, 2008).Many researchers have well acknowledged the fact that â€Å"the USA owes much of the success of its entrepreneurial activity to its economic and cultural environment, including affirmative action, employment law, tax incentives, government support, mentoring, and a â€Å"can-do† atti tude. Life-style changes in the USA accommodate entrepreneurs† (Rollin and Richardson, 2001, p. 187). Also, Choi and Russel (2004) argued that the construction firms in the United States have focused in enhanced diversification through mergers and acquisitions and thereby strengthens the growth in the industry and the profits and confidence of stake holders.In Spain, the pattern of the developments in the construction industry is highly unbalanced and lopsided. It is well noted that â€Å"growth in the late-1980s was in the relatively more prosperous Madrid and Catalonia regions, as well as in the autonomous region of Valencia, all of which benefited disproportionately from the inward investment boom. In contrast, some of the ‘rustbelt' areas in the North have been adversely affected by the decline of traditional industries† (Ahijado et al. , 1993, p. 98). In America, ethnic differences are noted on the matters related to construction industry.Doodrum and Dai have found out that â€Å"differences exist among the number and frequency of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities between Hispanic and non-Hispanic construction workers, although the difference did not always disfavour Hispanics† (2005, p. 1027). Whatever reasons may be, the tendency in the USA is for Hispanic workers to be employed in more hazardous areas of construction. For instance, â€Å"Two of the top five Hispanic construction occupations, construction labourer and electrician, are in the top five most hazardous construction occupations† (Doodrum and Dai, 2005, p.1028). Rollin and Richardson in their empirical research on Spanish business culture have argued that â€Å"[c]urrent Spanish legislation does not favour entrepreneurs or small-business owners. Changes in EU legislation, such as the Parental Leave Directive, requiring changes in national legislation, can hit this group hard† (2001, p. 185). It creates a condition that even businessperson s who otherwise would have been law-abiding step asides the paradigms of law as there are many contradictions within the law.The multiplicity of legal frameworks in Spain by its integration with the European Union too have made a lot of confusion in the construction industry and added to the existing chaos. However, safety issues and environmental priorities that are directly linked to the construction industry have not got sufficient attention not from American or Spanish governments. In both countries, t is necessary for the construction policy to be framed on the â€Å"rationale as to why certain matters are considered to be safety issues has its roots in environmental concern† (Kibert, et al., 1995, p. 99). It means there needs to be a holistic to environment protection and safety management in the construction industry. The lack of labor flexibility has been â€Å"a major factor in the continuance of the very sizeable black economy (economia sumergida), estimated at rep resenting some 23% of GDP† (Rigby and Lawlor, 2001, p. 169). Curiously, the black economy is the backbone of the building industry and the silent compliance of government policies based on corruption is leading into the deteriorating the healthy environment in the construction industry.Historically, it could be seen that the â€Å"rigidities established in the labour market under Franco were consonant with the broader ethos of the dictatorship which was strongly protectionist, corporatist and characterised by strong state intervention in most areas of activity† (Rigby and Lawlor, 2001, p. 169). The recent Spanish government policy of artificially creating green jobs in construction industry too has failed and only contributed to the ongoing recession.In the United States, although the general rate of occupational accidents and casualties in the construction industry very low, the roadway construction has reported to be more dangerous for workers. Through their research, Kale et al have proved that â€Å"construction companies that outperform their rivals adopt a hybrid mode of competition. In other words, successful construction companies place varying degrees of emphasis on more than one mode of competition (e. g. , cost, quality, innovation, and time) rather than focus on a single mode of competition† (2002, p.246). It is apparent that Spanish construction companies have not diversified and the government is less encouraging to allow fierce competition in the realms of cost, quality, innovation and time. On the opposite the American government has introduced new schemes and policies for ensuring multiple competitions at the many realms of construction industry. Conclusion To conclude, it is possible to argue that the different traditions of government business relations in the United States and Spain are result of the wider historical processes.The United States as a liberal democracy has encouraged free market and competition in favor of strengthening the construction as whole based on well established norms and procedures. But, Spain, following the trajectory of Franco’s dictatorial regime introduced the policy of protectionism and government interventions in the construction industry and thereby rendering it incompetent and distorted. However, governments in both the United States and the Spain have to redefine their relations to the construction industry in order to properly address the issues of safety and environmental protection in the context of increasing global risks.Being competitive in the varied aspects of industry such as quality, quantity, labor and time with the active encouragement of the government but based on fair rules and its strict implementation by an impartial administration are the strengths of American construction industry. Spain too has all the potentials to diversify its construction industry and thereby strengthen the whole economy itself. Reference Ahijado, M. et al. (1993), Th e Competitiveness of Spanish Industry. National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 146. pp. 90- 117. Choi, J.and Russell, J. S. (2004) Economic Gains Around Mergers and Acquisitions in the Construction Industry of the United States of America, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 513-525. Eastaway, M. P. and San Martin, I. (1999) General Trends in Financing Social Housing in Spain, Urban Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 699-714. Goodrum, P. M. and Dai, J. (2005) Differences in Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Construction Workers, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 131, No.9, pp. 1021-1028. Gonzalez, M. (1998) Regulation as a Cause of Firm Fragmentation: The Case of the Spanish Construction Industry. International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 18, pp. 433–450. Kale, S. et al. (2002) Competitive Positioning in United States Construction Industry, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management , Vol. 128, No. 3, pp. 238-247. Kibert, C. J. et al. , (1995) Integrating Safety and Environmental Regulation of Construction Industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 121, No. 1, pp. 95-99. Polat, G.(2008) Factors Affecting the Use of Precast Concrete Systems in the United States, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 134, No. 3, pp. 238-247. Rigby, M. and Lawlor, T. (2001). The Spanish Labour Market: The Quest for Flexibility. International Journal of Iberian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 pp. 168–178. Rollin, H. and Richardson, R. (2001). The Impact of the Prevailing Business Culture on Entrepreneurial Activity and Small Businesses: A Contrastive Study of Spain and the USA. International Journal of Iberian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 pp. 179–189

Impact of Motivation on employees Essay

Motivation is the word derived from the word ‘motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the persons. It is the process of inspiring people to actions to achieve the goals The sole reason for me in order to choose this topic is that in today’s world doing Business all over the world is a very challenging aspect. The performance that is given or delivered by the corporate is highly influenced by the Internal and the external operating environmental factors. To survive in the market in a profitable way in the highly challenging and competitive global market economy, all the factors of Employee Retention and Production like machine, materials & men should be managed in an efficient and a productive way. Among the factors of production the human resource constitutes the biggest challenge because unlike the other inputs, employee management is a very complicated process which includes the burdened task concerned with the handling of thoughts, feelings & emotions to project the highest productivity. High productivity is a long-term benefit of Employee motivation. Motivated employee is a valuable asset which delivers huge value to the Organization in maintaining and strengthening its business and revenue growth. This highlights as to why employee motivation is nessacary and also the need for learning about the impact that it bears on the employees. The importance with regard to motivation was realised as early as 1943 when Abraham Maslow wrote the theory with regards to human motivation on the basis of need hierarchy. Various theories were formulated since then due to the rising need in understanding employees and how or what are the factors that motivated them in order to increase their productivity and efficiency. Some of the theories are stated below:- 1. Abraham Maslow’s need hierarchy theory-According to this theory, individual strives to seek a higher need when lower needs are fulfilled. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs are motivators only when they are unsatisfied. The various levels of need were classified as psychological needs, safety needs, belonging needs/social needs, self-esteem needs and self-actualisation 2. Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory – According to Herzberg, individuals are not content with the satisfaction of  lower-order needs at work rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. This appears to parallel Maslow’s theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. 3. Adams’ Equity Theory – Developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963, Equity Theory suggests that if the individual perceives that the rewards received are equitable, that is, fair or just in comparison with those received by others in similar positions in or outside the organization, then the individual feels satisfied. Adams asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others. Some of the other theories are theory X and Y by Douglas McGregor, ERG Theory by Clayton Alderfer, Goal-Setting Theory by Edwin Locke, expectancy theory, etc†¦ Some of techniques that can be adopted in a work place in order to motivate employees are:- 1. Know and care about the concerns of your employees 2. Develop and communicate a compelling organizational vision. 3. Address ineffective teamwork 4. Be a role model for your organization 5. Communicate with everyone respectfully 6. Provide employees with the opportunity to be creative. 7. Invest in developing employees 8. Regularly recognize and reward effort and results 9. Ensure compensation and other rewards and benefits are fair 10. Ensure that the right person is doing the right task and fully understands their role 11. Help your employees find  work/life balance The performance of employees will make or break a company; this is why it is important to find a variety of methods of motivating employees. â€Å"Motivation is the willingness to do something,† wrote Stephen Robbins and David A. DeCenzo in their book â€Å"Supervision Today.† â€Å"It is conditioned by this action’s ability to satisfy some need for the individual.† The most obvious form of motivation for an employee is money; however, there are other motivating factors that must be considered. Every employee within a company is different and, therefore, is motivated to perform well for different reasons. Due to the differences within an organization, it is important for a manager to get to know her employees and understand what motivates their performance. â€Å"If you’re going to be successful in motivating people, you have to begin by accepting and trying to understand individual differences,† Robbins and DeCenzo report in their book â€Å"Supervision Today.† Money is the most important motivator for employee performance but it is important for companies to find other ways to motivate. This involves getting to know their employees and what drives them, then making sure managers utilize appropriate motivational techniques with each employee. When appropriate motivation techniques are used, employee performance will improve. By this time we understood the various theories of motivation and the way in which employees can be motivated now lets come to the part where we learn about why it is important to motivate an employee, what kind of changes that it brings about or results in an organisation. The various changes that are bought about (i.e. impact) or seen in an individual/employee due to motivation and the benefits that the organisation derive out of such motivation are mentioned below:- 1. Puts human resources into action :- Every organisation has its own goals and objectives and in order for any organisation to be successful it needs to achive the goals and the objectives and the main means towards achieving these goals and objectives are financial and human resources there by in order for a company to be successful it needs to boost the so called human resource to produce efficiently and this efficiency is achieved through the means of motivation 2. Improves level of efficiency of employees The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. The employees in the organisation when they are less motivated and they feel bleak and dull at this particular point of time they are at the least level of productivity this is caused due to lack of excitement and satisfaction or even repeated jobs thus in order to avoid all these and in order to build on to the efficiency of the employees many motivational techniques can be used this will lead to a great level of improvement in the performance of the employees, reduces the cost of operation and improves overall efficiency and productivity of the firm. 3. Leads to achievement of organizational goals Goals of an organisation are the drivers with regard to success of an organisation and it has a direct impact on the performance of the organisation and also the employees working within. When employees are demotivated they will not care about the organisation and they will start having a negative impact toward the organisation thereby when they are motivated by various incentives and other such techniques and made to understand the goals they tend to work toward the development, i.e. they work toward goal development rather than going haywire. Goals can only be achieved only when coordination and cooperation takes place simultaneously occurs and this can be achieved with the help of motivation 4. Leads to employee satisfaction The satisfaction of the employee is nothing but how happy an individual is in working within an organisation without feeling the need to quit or discontinue. Only when the employees are satisfied will they be able to work properly and in turn be able to satisfy the end customer. In case the employee is not satisfied this will lead to a huge downturn in the organisation as it will start losing its customer base and clients start shifting to a more friendly and cooperative organisation. Thus some of  motivational techniques lead to satisfaction of employee’s which in turn leads to customer satisfaction. 5. Builds friendly relationship The employees when they are reinforced with some kind of reward system there tends to be a friendlier atmosphere all around which leads to better co-operation between the employees which leads to steady and stable environment, all the industrial disputes will come to a rest, employees will no more show any resistance toward change all this directly leads to a smooth and sound concern where the individual interests will coincide with the interests of the organisation 6. Builds stability in the workforce The employees will gain more benefits if they are working for longer periods of time they get bonuses they get more incentives this will help in building a stable workforce where the rate of turnover of the organisation will reduce which in turn will reduce the training cost and recruitment cost of fresh employees. The skills efficiency and the experience of the employees will be a great advantage to the organisation which will lead to a great public image and building the brand reputation of the organisation. 7. Leads to an optimistic and challenging work place In an organisation the employees are motivated to think creatively only when they get something in return and when any such kind of reward is kept then the people in the organisation will start thinking creatively and will start taking interest in the work that they do they will start competing against each other which will help the organisation to get more number of creative ideas which ultimately lead to profit making by the firm, 8. Boosts employee confidence When the people who work in the organisation are given a reward in terms of money or in terms of appreciation or any other kind they will get a confidence boost and they will think of it as the right path and it kind of becomes a positive reinforcement to them in order for them to work in a better manner and more efficiently 9. Employees tend to go the extra mile Whenever people know that there is something waiting for them at the end of the day they will tend to work hard and they will want to go that extra distance and put in that extra effort in order to achieve the reward. These rewards are different for different kinds of people it cannot be generalised it is the duty of the manager to make sure the rewards are appealing and also interesting in order to extract more work out of the employees. The more the desire to have the reward the more harder the person will work on order to attain the same. 10. Less number of mistakes caused by employees When there is some kind of a punishment that is kept for people who make mistakes and have lower productivity like cutting of salary, delay of promotions, taking away the perk and benefits given to them will all help in motivating a person in order to work more efficiently and also effectively without any mistakes and causing losses to the organisation 11. Increases the contribution/productivity The main outcome of any kind of motivation ultimately leads to this. The productivity of the employees and motivation are having a direct relationship and go hand in hand. When the employee is motivated using various kinds of techniques the outcome or the impact that such motivation holds is increase in the productivity or the contribution that is given by an employee. RESEARCH DATA University of Colorado boulder – guide to motivating employees In 2006, and again in 2012, classified and exempt professional staff on the Boulder campus participated in an Employee Engagement Survey. Through this process, the campus has been able to identify what it is doing well and where it can improve. Results and key trends from the surveys are highlighted below. In 2012, 90% of employees saw their job as vital to the overall purpose of the University, an increase from 88% in 2006. In 2006, 80% of employees were willing to go above and beyond their normal work duties. In 2012, this number increased to nearly 89%. From 2006 to 2012, the percentage of employees who believe they are utilizing their talents increased by 9% (75%  overall). Currently, 72% of employees would recommend a friend to work here (an increase from 60% in 2006). In today’s world motivation has gained a lot of importance in all fields and across organisations. Organisations cannot achieve their goals or attain maximum efficiency without the motivational aspect. By looking at the impact that motivation has caused on the employees as well as the organisation every organisation should understand its importance of motivation and start implying and do more of research in order to keep employees motivated, keep up with the pace of the world and in turn reap all the benefits that are associated with it. My learning’s with regards to this topic is knowing what motivation is, what are the theories behind motivation, the different techniques of motivation and finally the importance of motivation where both the employee and the employer are benefited by the application of this powerful tool. REFERENCES 1. Patel sandeep g. (n.d).information of employee motivation and research methodology. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/ravi2907/employee-motivation-17006508 2. Silverstien Barry. (2007). BEST PRACTICES: MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES. New York, U.S.A: hydra publishing. 3. (n.d). Guide to motivating employees. Retrieved from http://hr.colorado.edu/search/Results.aspx?k=guide%20to%20motivating%20employees

buy custom Leadership in IBM essay

buy custom Leadership in IBM essay What can you find out about the leadership style of the chief executive officer? How would you characterize his or her leadership style? Virginia M. Rometty has only been president of IBM for only one month and has already made significant changes. Before her promotion to CEO, Rometty had headed the strategy for five years with her colleagues. Of the three styles of leadership that Kurt Lewin (1939) outlined, Rometty seems to be following the participative style of leadership. In this approach, the leader is not all knowing but instead maintains a number of skilled workers who are involved in decision making. In an organization, with the sze and magnitude of IBM it would not be possible for the Chief executive to be an expert in all fields and would, therefore, require a team of dedicated and knowledgeable workers to run the organization. This results in all the employees of the organization feeling as part of the organization which goes to motivate the workers. For example, she pushed for the employees to get the travel budget package that her predecessor had tried to stop. With this action she portrayed herself as h uman and part of the team who understood the needs of her employees. Does the leadership style he or she has adopted match the situation confronting the organization? Yes, I would, given the diverse and complex nature of the activities of IBM. This implies that her leadership style helps IBM attain the set objectives of profit optimization. Would you characterize the CEO as an effective leader? How would you explain his or her success or lack of thereof? Yes, I would characterize Virginia M. Rometty as an effective leader. An effective leader is one who leads the firm to attaining its objectives while still holding on to its core values. It was under her leader-ship as vice- president that profits rose to 42% unit in her first two years of service showing she is a skilled and competent leader. Buy custom Leadership in IBM essay

Word Choice Adapt vs Adopt - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Adapt vs Adopt Word Choice: Adapt vs. Adopt There are many English words which are spelled similarly but have completely different meanings. The words adapt and adopt, for instance, are separated by a single vowel in terms of spelling but differ significantly in use. In cases like this, it is important to use each word properly. Doing so will help you to avoid easily preventable mistakes and ensure that you communicate your ideas clearly. As such, we’ve prepared the following guide to help you know when to adapt and when to adopt. Adapt (Change to Suit a Specific Purpose) The term â€Å"adapt† means to make something suitable for a specific situation or purpose. You might therefore want to â€Å"adapt† a novel into a film or a recipe to make it gluten-free. It can also refer to the ability to adjust to new circumstances: Being able to adapt was important for survival in the jungle. In either case, â€Å"adapt† refers to making an adjustment of some kind. Adopt (Make Ones Own) The word â€Å"adopt† means to take something on as one’s own. There are numerous contexts in which this can be used, including taking on the legal responsibilities of a parent: Jenny and Jane decided to adopt the orphan child. However, adopt can also be used more broadly to describe following a course of action or appropriating an idea. For example: After reading de Saussure, Kim adopted a structuralist approach. In both cases, the key to understanding â€Å"adopt† is that someone is choosing to make something their own. Adapt or Adopt? Since these words have very different meanings, the main thing is remembering how each one is spelled. If you are having trouble with this, you might want to focus on just one of the words: if you remember that â€Å"adapt† is spelled with an â€Å"a† and means â€Å"to change,† you will then know that â€Å"adopt† (with an â€Å"o†) means to appropriate something as one’s own. But it can be easy to overlook these things, so to make sure that your writing is free from unfortunate mistakes, you can send academic papers, business reports or any other document you might need checking to the expert proofreaders at Proofed. We’ll even check a 500-word sample for free! And if you need more guidance on vocabulary, don’t forget to check out the word choice archive in our academic blog.

No More Sour Grapes

No More Sour Grapes Appreciation is a wonderful thing. It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well. ~ Voltaire You know you think it. An author you know lands a contract or sells an article. She achieves this great promo on a big blog or gets invited to speak at an event that overlooked you. And you feel sorry for yourself . . . and start rationalizing why they were not as worthy as you. Or that you are a better writer. I know you do, because Ive stumbled into that mindset. . . as recently as last week. And I slap myself. I believe in being happy for those enjoying success for the following reasons: 1) You feel better. 2) You can make the other person feel good with a compliment, which makes you feel better. 3) You can study what they did and learn from their success. 4) You can bring attention to yourself 5) That big karma in the sky can come around later and pat you on the back when this successful individual you once supported in their early days becomes able to thank you in return. When you stop and think about it, theres nothing to be gained from begrudging someone else for making a splash. You negate yourself all the above benefits I listed. There is absolutely no good reason whatsoever to look at a winner and not like him. One day and if you keep at it that day will come you will achieve commendation from an editor, a contest, a publisher, an agent, or some group that applauds your efforts. At that time, you would hope that others would bask with you in the glory. You love these people, and surprise, you want to reach out to them and help them in their struggles. Its called reaching back. Writers are connected. Sure, some are higher on the ladder than you. Sure, you wish you were on their rung. But you gain nothing disliking their status. Instead, be thrilled for them. Offer applause and verbalize support. Not only does this make you a better human being, but you also feel a more positive urge to try harder. You hope harder to meet your goals. And the universe eventually rewards you for it.

Problem in your local community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problem in your local community - Essay Example According to traditional settings and history, the man usually stands as the breadwinners of the family. He works hard to earn money in order to support his family from outside work. The woman on the other hand is the caretaker of the family. She stays at home to take care of household chores, take care of the children, and to support the men. However, in modern times, there is a split in gender roles as more women are increasingly becoming breadwinners of their families, providing the majority of household income and needs. Gender roles grow closer by the day as we now have more and more stay-at-home dads taking care of the children while their wives go to work. Every society has a mechanism that allows for variations in the gender roles or sexuality of their members. This allows males to perform female chore while the men perform masculine chores. In the olden tradition, this was berdache, where a male who did not have strengths, skills and expertise equaled to his fellow male counterparts played the female gender roles while the strong men went to work. In modern societies, there is little or no emphasis on genders roles. In fact, they advocate for empowerment of women and education of the girl child. Hence the slogan, what a man can do a woman can do better. This shows just how open the society is to free participation of gender roles for both sexes. Men can work in jobs that were traditionally feminists, such as hairdressing and beauty therapy, while the women can also perform functions that traditionally were for the men, e.g. leadership and administration. Both sexes are equal and can perform each other’s roles as competently a s possible (Fausto-Sterling 19). The success of this development angles around the various feminists movements that took place across the world championing for the equal rights of women within the society. In fact, governments and other ruling

MSc Practical UNIX Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MSc Practical UNIX Security - Essay Example Furthermore, in the UNIX system's early periods, security feature was almost absent. Then, the UNIX system became the first operating system to undergo attacks raised over the promising Internet. With the passage of time, the security arrangement moved from centralized to distributed verification and permission systems (UNIX Systems Cooperative Promotion Group, 1997) and (The Open Group, 2010). This paper discusses various security aspects of UNIX operating system along with some types of attack that can be applied to UNIX operating system. The basic aim of this paper is to describe in a systematic manner the significance of systems configuration and management and how to undertake systems configuration and management for a UNIX system. Security Considerations With the advancements in the technology the chances of security attacks and their intensity is also increasing. In the past, a lot of security and privacy attacks have greatly influenced a large number of organizations and busi nesses. Some well known examples of these attacks include, security develops Nimda, Code Red, RPC buffer overflows, SQL Slammer Worm, SSH vulnerabilities. Thus, to deal with such new types of security attacks a good security management patch as well as effective security strategy is very important, which can help secure organization’s systems and networks. Seeing that the businesses having a high-quality patch security strategy (which implemented all the recognized patches to the target systems) were not influenced or were least influenced as compared to those businesses which neglected patch security strategies and faced harsh issues like business downtime of numerous days and failure of business effort (code as well as data). In this scenario, all the practical systems have their own techniques for implementing security patches. Additionally, HP-UX, Solaris and AIX program and patch installation techniques allow the elimination of an application or a patch by restoring some overwritten operating system files as the â€Å"save† alternative is employed (that is the default option). In addition, the capability to get rid of a (reminded) security patch makes simpler patch administration on these systems liberating the manager from planning routine techniques for patch management and permitting the administrator to focus on improving system security. For this purpose, HP, Sun and IBM offered standard security patch packages for download a number of times every year, in addition to individual patch downloads as well as patch announcement services which can be received via electronic mail (without paying registration fee). Moreover, specific patch downloads are always available at retailer’s websites and a few mirrors for Red Hat Linux. However, the accessibility of alternatives is significant, for the reason that standard patch packages make simpler the normal application of patches as well as get rid of the need for numerous reboots and/or sy stem configuration changes, as individual patch downloads permit the system application of a security patch at the instant as it is accessible (Tsitsivas et al., 2003), (Zheng & Zhang, 2009), (Curphey & Araujo, 2006) and (Ray, 2004). UNIX Security Overview Normally, all UNIX-based or other systems encompass particular log on procedures. However, these procedures depend on

Design market research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design market research report - Essay Example In his early projects he used recycled bottles. He has sought to instill his products with a magic and romance that usually transcend their functions. He makes computer generated floral drawings and also develops designs for mass production. He has a work collection of glassware for Dartington crystal and also develops new products e.g. eyewear (Jennifer 2006). He has created a collection of products in different areas i.e. tableware, party and decoration items, consumables and lighting. He has also collaborated with Target which is a large retail store in the making of different products. He has made store decorations for one thousand five hundred stores, graphics for all catalogues and has also collaborated with directors of arts in television commercials. They sell their products in Target. He prefers this Target in comparison to others because it has a larger potential and scale. It is estimated that over one hundred million people shopping in Target usually come across his products especially during the Christmas festivities (Jennifer 2006). His project the Wednesday light which is used by Habitat has also enlarged his market. This is because working with Habitat has made the lights to be produced in large quantities. The production in mass quantities has also enabled him to keep the prices down. He employs modern techniques in his designs. ... He uses technology as a way of creating new methods and also to make new expressions. He likes the use of sensual material surfaces. It's the new industrial processes that make him be in a position to look at the quality again. He uses the computer to draw then sends the materials directly to the production machines to make the products. He has more preference on the process of manufacturing. Currently he has designed a new version of Wednesday night which is made of nickel plated brass instead of the former stainless steel. It is of a larger size which in turn means that a large variety of flower designs would fit. The modern version also has less punk because it is packed in a flat pack. He has also developed romantic aesthetics which depict nature. These aesthetics have vibrant colors. He makes doll chairs and other chairs which are usually covered with organdies and mouse lines and are prepared using s variation of colors and textures. He makes designs with colors which are usually inspired by nature. Marrimeko Company Marrimeko is a finish company that was established in 1951. The company is involved in the manufacturing, designing, and also markets high quality clothing, bags, and other accessories. The company designs products of vivid colors and which have large scale patterns. This has made it to increase its popularity and also increase its market level. They have bold patterns and unique styles which cut across generations. The company usually works in a different way as compared to other companies. It has processes that are not so linear and coherent. Issues are usually heavily discussed and a lot of thinking is done before any decision is made in this company. Marrimeko has a high level market. Their sales had a 50% rise within the last two years.

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead - Essay Example Archeology, through  cultural-history archaeology, bioarcheaology, post-processual archaeology, mortuary archaeology, etc. presents various theories that aim for the â€Å"recovery, restoration† and surfacing of ancient cultures, and learning how they changed (Dannenfeldt 8). They also focus on learning about the ancient histories as well as studying their reflexivity. The research paper at hand focuses on addressing the question of whether the rituals of death are reflective of the living or the dead. Rituals of death, no matter which culture they belong to, are performed by the living for the dead; therefore, it can be construed that these rituals are reflective of both the living and the dead. The human thinking process and thoughts evolve as time goes by, thus new theories are developed, which seem to be able to fill the gap of disadvantages left by earlier theories. In the same way, there have been certain changes or movements in the train of thought of the archaeologic al theory, which have led to the discovery and development of different theories or disciplines of this study. These theories or disciplines, albeit differing in only some aspects from one another, have their own unique orientation and goals that further help in revealing mysteries regarding the people of the past. First among these comes the cultural-history archeological approach developed in the nineteenth century, which basically deals with elucidating why cultures were modified or adapted according to various beliefs, and it also aims to highlight historical particularism. During the 1960s, this approach was challenged through the approach called â€Å"New Archeology,† or processual archeology, and its focus was to make studies in a more scientific and anthropological manner, thus inculcating various scientific methods and statistical analysis such as hypothesis testing etc. However, two decades later, a new approach to archeological theory evolved and it questioned the impartiality and scientific positivism which were emphasized in the previous one. This was a post-modern movement and was known as post-processual archeology, and it believed in self-critical theories and reflexivity of various cultures. However, each approach has its own pitfalls and shortcomings and as of now, a perfect approach is yet to be discovered. Despite various shortcomings, it is these approaches and disciplines to archeology that enable one to understand the lifestyle, cultural beliefs, norms and traditions of his or her great ancestors. Such archeological disciplines include bioarcheology which aims to study about human cultures and their histories, and mortuary archeology which focuses on researching about funerary practices involved in various cultures, their beliefs about after life, etc. Thus, with the help of different aspects of archeology, man is able to know about ancient cultures, histories, traditions, ways of life, beliefs and practices of his great forefathe rs. Mortuary archeology presents a good question of whether the funerary rites, or the rituals of the dead, are actually for the living or for the dead. In a general context, every culture has its own funerary practices and rituals to honor the deceased, and some of them share similarities. Culture is one of the most important identities of man, and it is this culture that presents various values and traditions to be followed during the lifetime of the individual. In that sense, it is

Differentiated Instruction in Elementary Math Research Paper

Differentiated Instruction in Elementary Math - Research Paper Example This leaves the teacher with a need to fulfill their educational requirements while tackling a disability or learning capability issue within the classroom. It is here that I will cover what research has proven to be effective, some examples that I have ascertained and how I can implement them in my own classroom setting. There are multiple researches that have been done in regard to differentiated instruction, but I will only be focusing on the examples of what has been shown to be effective and what appeals to me within this research. Keywords Differentiated instruction, interdisciplinary teaching, integrated learning, thematic learning, Universal Design for Learning, Multiple Intelligence Theory, IQ test. Differentiated Instruction Currently, there are more than 4 million students that lack grade-level proficiency in reading and mathematics. One reason for this is their need for individualized instruction, supplementation and modifications to ensure proper cognitive access within the general education curriculum. This need is rarely met, as teachers do not have the training that they need to ensure these lower functioning students are able to benefit from the instruction provided. Part of this issue is that students are coming from increasingly diverse backgrounds, in which the expectations of their parents and the normalcy within the community are at odds with the current schooling methods (Lapkoff &Li, 2007). These current schooling methods are ineffective to a large number of students, because of their diversity, ethnically, culturally and cognitively. These are the students that fall through the cracks, due to the standard approach to education. This, in turn, causes higher rates of drop outs, poorer performance on standardized testing and lower graduation rates. (Lipsky, 2005). The solution is differentiated instruction. According to Tomlinson (2004) differentiated instrcution is â€Å"ensuring what a student learns, how he/she learns it, and how the s tudent demonstrates what he/she has learned is a match for that student’s readiness level, interests and preferred mode of learning.† Literature Review This is particularly important in regards to students with cognitive disabilities. An educator that provides their students with a reduced emphasis on whole-class instruction and an increase in the use of peer-assisted learning, has been shown to heighten students learning abilities, whether considered gifted or not. There have been many studies that also verify the fact that differentiated instruction works much more efficiently than other forms of instruction, but show the reasons why this is not implemented in many schools. They are simply the demands of the teachers themselves to follow a set curriculum and learning sets within a given period of time, leaving many students behind. This has given birth to a creative solution called REACH (Rock, et al., 2008). This type of interdisciplinary teaching is used to highligh t the steps necessary for implementation of differentiated instruction. The acronym stands for: Reflect on will and skill; Evaluate the curriculum; Analyze the learners; Craft research-based lessons; and Hone in on the data. It is imperative that the educator take these steps to seriously

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead - Essay Example Archeology, through  cultural-history archaeology, bioarcheaology, post-processual archaeology, mortuary archaeology, etc. presents various theories that aim for the â€Å"recovery, restoration† and surfacing of ancient cultures, and learning how they changed (Dannenfeldt 8). They also focus on learning about the ancient histories as well as studying their reflexivity. The research paper at hand focuses on addressing the question of whether the rituals of death are reflective of the living or the dead. Rituals of death, no matter which culture they belong to, are performed by the living for the dead; therefore, it can be construed that these rituals are reflective of both the living and the dead. The human thinking process and thoughts evolve as time goes by, thus new theories are developed, which seem to be able to fill the gap of disadvantages left by earlier theories. In the same way, there have been certain changes or movements in the train of thought of the archaeologic al theory, which have led to the discovery and development of different theories or disciplines of this study. These theories or disciplines, albeit differing in only some aspects from one another, have their own unique orientation and goals that further help in revealing mysteries regarding the people of the past. First among these comes the cultural-history archeological approach developed in the nineteenth century, which basically deals with elucidating why cultures were modified or adapted according to various beliefs, and it also aims to highlight historical particularism. During the 1960s, this approach was challenged through the approach called â€Å"New Archeology,† or processual archeology, and its focus was to make studies in a more scientific and anthropological manner, thus inculcating various scientific methods and statistical analysis such as hypothesis testing etc. However, two decades later, a new approach to archeological theory evolved and it questioned the impartiality and scientific positivism which were emphasized in the previous one. This was a post-modern movement and was known as post-processual archeology, and it believed in self-critical theories and reflexivity of various cultures. However, each approach has its own pitfalls and shortcomings and as of now, a perfect approach is yet to be discovered. Despite various shortcomings, it is these approaches and disciplines to archeology that enable one to understand the lifestyle, cultural beliefs, norms and traditions of his or her great ancestors. Such archeological disciplines include bioarcheology which aims to study about human cultures and their histories, and mortuary archeology which focuses on researching about funerary practices involved in various cultures, their beliefs about after life, etc. Thus, with the help of different aspects of archeology, man is able to know about ancient cultures, histories, traditions, ways of life, beliefs and practices of his great forefathe rs. Mortuary archeology presents a good question of whether the funerary rites, or the rituals of the dead, are actually for the living or for the dead. In a general context, every culture has its own funerary practices and rituals to honor the deceased, and some of them share similarities. Culture is one of the most important identities of man, and it is this culture that presents various values and traditions to be followed during the lifetime of the individual. In that sense, it is

Jose Vargas Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jose Vargas Assignment - Essay Example I always hear debates of whether illegal immigrants is bad or good for a nation, but now I can tell that it is bad for both the country, as well as the immigrant; this is speaking from a healthcare perspective. I have suffered greatly owing to my two illnesses while living in the United States. There are numerous challenges that face people like me when it comes to seeking medical attention in the United States. The experiences I ensured while emigrating in itself enough stress. Some of the structural barriers that affect my health care access include lack of insurance, negative citizenship status and high cost of caring for diabetes and Congestive Heart Failure. The main reason why I cannot access medical insurance in the United States is because I am illegal citizen to the States. Also, any major hospital I go to will request for my identification card, and once they realize am not a United States citizen, they will notify the authorities. Finally, the United States healthcare syst em is one of the priciest in the world if you do not have health insurance. Tim and I always struggle to find backstreet medical centers where at least I can get medicine and treatment with regards to my two conditions. In these medical centers, people are always judged by their English fluency, as well as their brevity. I once witnessed a man been thrown out of center for not knowing how to speak English fluently. They presumed that he was an illegal immigrant maybe trying to set the hospital up. Even reaching the hospital was a problem and the filthiness inside the center was hard to stand. I normally thank God each time we are done with the visit and heading home. These were the same conditions that were discussed in the Vargas talk. I mean I had to take myself through un-trusted medical centers just to receive a treatment that I could also not trust. These treatments, at times, came with bad side effects that normal citizens did not feel. I have contemplated a

Reaction Paper of World Economic Forum Essay Example for Free

Reaction Paper of World Economic Forum Essay Child labor refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labor was employed to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers and childrens rights. This definition is from the Wikipedia. Why does this exist? To whom will be the blame be given? Is it the parents, who raised their children to work, or the children themselves who decided to work to overcome hunger and thirst for survival? Is it the government that has to be responsible to this or this is all because of the inevitable poverty we are now experiencing today? For me, I have to blame all because in each problem of the society we encounter, it is not always that it is only a problem of one but rather it is a problem of all. We tend to forget that the ones affected to this kind of problem are also of our kind, Filipinos. We should always remember this statement, â€Å"One for all, and all for one.† I have mentioned above that are the parents to blame for this kind of problem. I say yes, a big yes for me. Why? It is simply because the parents are the first people that the child may know and they are the one who nurtures the child. Moreover, the parents are the one responsible if ever their children have nothing to eat and wear for everyday living. The parents in the society are expected to provide all their children needs for the bore them not to be slaves in the family. The parents are expected to give the right to education for their children to earn knowledge and not send them to factories that would bring them sickness just to earn money. But now, all the expected things turned out wrong. Some parents even do not mind if their children are already at the streets asking alms, some are into drugs, and some engage to crimes such as robbery and prostitution. If I were the parent, I had rather just send them to DSWD and see them eating and playing than watching them earn a living at the young age. I do not say that putting the child to DSWD is another irresponsible act the parent had made but it will be the best alternative answer to the problem. Are the children also to blame? I can say that the children have also something to deal with this. Even if the child is only four years old and has no sense of maturity yet, the child has something to play with this. Sometimes, it is the children’s decision to work for their families. They are working not because they want to eat, but rather gave the money to their parents, hoping that this money results to something that is good for their stomachs. In some cases, the children also are the ones that decide to leave the family because they see that the family cannot give the happiness they are asking for. So, the children have no choice but to leave independently and find their own living. The worst is that the children may engage into crimes such as killing, stealing, and prostitution. This is really happening in the society today. I can share an experience of one of our maids of our family. I admit that we hired her at her minority age. She was only 15 when she entered our home. After months of working in our house, we had already given her our trust. One day, we invited her to come into our lola’s house for the fiesta. She agreed to come rather than staying at home alone, and we wanted her to come because maybe she will be stealing anything from the house without our knowledge. We cannot give all our trust to a certain person right? Anyways, we had the time to go to the beach. The tide was so low that the sea was very far from the shore. Our maid never knew that the water was shallow. The dived and end up with bleeding wounds in her face. We immediately went home to cure her wounds. When we went home to back in Tacloban, she was not feeling easy. I think that the scars in her face made her actions limited and a little bit more conservative. After 3 days after the said incident, she left our house without any permission. We immediately reported this to her parents. Time passed but still no news was heard. We have now a new maid but of legal age. Years passed, and suddenly our roads had crossed each other. I have seen her near the seawall in the city but the thing that stunned me most is that she was already carry with her a child. This story is just one example of what can happen to children in our society. Is the government part of the problem? I’ll answer this question with a yes again. The government is expected to implement laws for this and make sure that these laws are nationwide followed. The government should play as the provider of the needs that the households cannot provide. It is sometimes reasonable that the government cannot provide them all but at least they will show that they are concerned to this problem. I can see that some policemen maltreat these children. Better if we just leave them alone and just catch them if they are now doing beyond the limitations. I’m disappointed to those government officials who did not do an effective action to eradicate this problem in our society. I am not an anti-government individual but I guess this is reality. Man is a power-seeker according to Thomas Hobbes so man really has the tendency to retain his power when he is in power and the outcome is that the poor will always be poor. Lastly, the poverty we are facing is the best reason why the children are into this action. Poverty is the reason why the parents cannot send their children to school, where the children are expected to learn and to socialize with our children. Poverty is also the main reason why the parents cannot provide the quality of happiness each child is longing for. The conception of poverty because of overpopulation is quite wrong. It some points it is true that this overpopulation can affect the way of living in a family but what now for China that contribute a big fraction to the world’s population. China is a big country in both economy and population. If China can make a difference why cannot we? As a conclusion, I am really against to this kind of problem in the society and besides who are happy watching children working not for themselves but to others. I am really thankful to my parents that I was raised efficiently, providing me anything that could bring to a better outcome. Time will come that I will be a parent. I am hoping that somehow there will be changes in our society that is concerned to this problem. It is still not the end for this. The solution is just there. All are aiming that this can be totally eradicated in the future.

Why are brands are important?

Why are brands are important? Introduction : Today the brand is a word which we always hear, it has one important place in our societies. However, few people could define really what is the brand. This difficulty shows that the brand is a complex word, sending back in notion highly varied such as the psychology, the sociology, the finance, etc. As regards the marketing aspect, we often tend to confuse product and brand. Whereas the brand bases itself more particularly on (the image, the sensibility, a mission). We can ask ourself, what is a brand? In a definition, Georges Lewi, eminent specialist of the brand says that its the name and the group of the signs of a product, a service, a company that have for vocation to impose by their fame, market share, added value on a defined market segment. More and more, the brands have taken of importance in the management, and more particularly in the marketing. We noticed that the brand is not only a factories, products, but also the brand had a physical value, emotional value and especially financial. The measure of this value called the equity brand. The first is the financiers who show an attention on this notion of brand equity in the 80s. We saw that Perrier had been buy by Nestlà © for 2,4 billion euro, Coca-Cola had offered 800 million euro for the acquisition of Orangina which was worth for only 200 million euro, or sold Buitoni 35 times its profits. From then on, we cannot deny the importance of the brand equity, and the brand in generally, indeed it allows to build a credibility at the consumers, at the investors, and all the company. In this essay we talk about brand equity. In a first time we see that the brand equity has been a attention topic by the academic and practitioner. And after we are going to try to find the most brand equity model in terms of understanding consumer brand perceptions. 2-brand equity interest More of $50 million, it is the considerable costs of introducing a brand into a consumer market. It is a considerable investment and like most investments carries no guarantee of success. The recession focussed marketing managers on cost-saving tactics to increase competitiveness. One of the most important effects was to make brand extensions more compelling. Leveraging the brand equity of a successful brand promises to make introduction of a new entry less costly by trading on an established name. Since the early 1990s, The concept of brand equity has been the subject of a number of studies academics practitioners and academics primarily due to the importance in todays maintaining, marketplace of building and using brands to obtain strategic advantage. The brand equity has been described frequently as the value a brand name adds to a product and this concept refers to the basic idea that a products value to consumers, the firm and the trade is somehow enhanced when it is associated or identified over time with a set of unique elements that define the brand concept. Distinctly, such brand equity endowments come from current or potential consumer learning which influences how the product is encoded and behaved upon by consumers. It stands to reason that such learning is dynamic and influences consumer choice processes and outcomes either directly or indirectly by influencing the effectiveness of the branded products marketing mix elements. This increasing interest observed both in the literature and in the practice for the notion of leading capital is initially aroused for manager reasons. Indeed the managers to face up to a less and less stable request in markets, a more and more intense and international competition, faster and faster technological changes and more and more powerful distributors today. In these conditions of a turbulent market, an option consists in abandoning the marketing and commercial shares on the short-term profits and in adopting a vision longer term based on the construction of powerful brands that is a strong leading capital (Czellar and Denis, 2002). Another reason has also contributed to this interest for the brand equity. Kapferer see in 1998 that the mergers and acquisitions of companies which occurred during the last years, has stir up the problem of the financial evaluation of the value of assets of the firm in generally and the assets of the brands in particular.Two levels of analysis of brand equity are possible: the study of brand equity as value for the consumers customer-based equity brand or as financial value for firms firm-based equity brand . The concept of brand equity have been different definitions in the literature. Aaker defined in 1991 the brand equity as a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol, that add to or subtract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm ,or to the firms customers. In 1993 Keller proposed a cognitive psychology perspective, distinctive customer-based brand equity as the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand. In 1998 Erdem and Swait, dopting an information economics view, they argue that consumer-based brand equity is the value of a brand as a credible signal of a products position. More generally, Farquhar (1989) see that the brand equity is often referred to as the added value to the firm, the trade, or the cons umer with which a brand endows a product, or likewise, as the difference between the value of the product without that branding and the value of the branded product to the consumer (McQueen, 1991). Finally the brand equity has been subject attention because the many studies of consumer brand in different market show that successful brand extensions spent less on advertising than comparable new name products. Considering the savings and against the costs, brand extension may seem like a good alternative for some firm. This concept brand equity is today again one point of discord between the academics and practitioners. So the brand equity will be always a topic studie. Offshore Enterprise in Cyprus: Business Plan Offshore Enterprise in Cyprus: Business Plan

stem cells :: essays research papers

Advancements in genetic engineering has been one of the most talked about subjects for many years. It has scared some but at the same time intrigued others. This question how far is too far, will play a big issue in years to come and even now for that mater. What people do not understand is that the research that is being done today is being done to help cure incurable diseases like the Aids virus and Cancer and it is not being done to create at perfect utopian society where everyone is the same and equal in all aspects. Stem cell research has been around since the early 1980's and since its development many advances have been made. In the beginning they could only speculate what they could do with the cells. They have come farther than anyone cold imagine when they cloned dolly the sheep in 1997 and since then it has become a popular subject. People fore the most part are open to the idea that stem cells could be the cure for many diseases but it scares them to thing that since scientists can change the cells in a kidney that why couldn't they manipulate the cells to make a perfect human. Though the argument is sound and logical it is unlikely that in the near future of ever for that matter that our government would allow such things to happen. Though the slow downward spiral of the development of stem cells is inevitable it is not of any real threat to our generation. President Bush's views on stem cell research are probably the best way to go about studying the cells without the most complications. In 2001 he proposed that only some cells be researched. CNN put it this way, "The president said scientists have told him that research on the 60 exist ing stem cell lines has great promise that could lead to breakthrough therapies and cures. This allows us to explore the promise and potential of stem cell research without crossing a fundamental moral line"(cnn.com). This is probably the most practical way of looking at the research but recently Bush changed his policy on government funding of Stem Cell research. His new policy allows the development of stem cells to continue but now cuts government funding from the picture. Ken Lisaius the

Effects of Social Networking Sites on Student’s Life. Essay

Students! The Builders of Nation ! In today’s life as the world is developing rapidly, the youth becoming stronger in each sense. The technologies are reaching at their peak. Dr. Abdul Kalam has said that India would be the ‘Developed Country’ upto 2020. He has dreamed about ‘Developed India’ which will be possible through his ‘Mission 2020’ towards India. He believes that Indian youth is the source for that dream. Mark Zuckerberg and Jack Dorsey are the two innovative people of 21st century as they have innovated social networking communication sites such as facebook and twitter respectively. Social networking sites such as facebook and twitter are few of the revolutionary inventions of decade. These are mostly popular in the college students. Actually it is proved that it is good mean of communication among them and is the best way of their time to be passed quiet easily. College students are heavy users of these sites through internet compared to the general population. It is the part of their daily communication habits. Social networking sites highly benefits students academically. The various features of different sites give flexibility to students to be a part of social level with others. Students can relate and share with those who have a common interest and ability to make connection with like-minded students, build relationships and communication among them. Social networking sites are the part of modern technology and students are making use of it in different ways. These sites help them to search material which they needs online. It makes them quite easy way to search and get the needful things. Besides this all; there are some negative effects on them as well. Students are losing in the real world by sticking to these social networking sites. The popularity of these sites increased rapidly in the last decade. This is probably due to reason that college students used it extensively to get global access. Sites like facebook and twitter have become a craze for everyone nowadays. These sites have caused potential harm to society. Students are becoming victims of such sites this is because of reason that when they are studying or searching their course material online; they get attracted to these sites to kill the burden in their study time, diverting their attention from their work. They prefer their concentration more on these sites than regular study. Students have started relying more on the information accessible easily on these sites. This reduces their learning and research capabilities. These sites cause reduction in their academic performance and concentration to study well. It reduces their communication skill with others. It also reduces command over language use and creative writing skills. Students mostly use slang words or shortened forms of words on these sites. They start relying on the computer grammar and spelling. Ultimately; it depends on each and every individual how much he involved in these kinds of things. Each individual should decide weathers it is good or bad for him. One should always pick positive things from it. It will have good advantage for him as well as his career. As we want to see ‘Developed India’; is youth in right path? As the craze of networking sites going in negative direction and increasing; the question mark on ‘Mission 2020’ is being much stronger. It’s time to think positively and taking part in transforming India.

A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Pilates and Acupuncture

Chronic low back pain is the diagnosis for individuals who have been suffering from acute back pain but have not showed any signs of improving.In a manner of speaking, chronic low back pain occurs when an individual’s acute back pain has reached the duration of 91 days without improvement (Bogduk & McGuirk, 2002). Chronic low back pain has various treatments, and this research aims to determine which is appropriate.According to Colleen Craig (2001), pilates exercises abdominal muscles, and one of these abdominal muscles, if properly attended to, can prevent chronic low back pain. Acupuncture, on the other hand, is also used for the treatment of low back pain (Liao, Lee, & Ng, 1994).Problem Statement and HypothesisThis study intends to determine whether or not pilates and acupuncture produce better results than that of traditional lumbar stabilization exercises for the treatment of chronic low back pain. The hypothesis of this research is that alternative methods, such as pilat es and acupuncture, are superior over the traditional lumbar stabilization exercises in treating chronic low back pain.AssumptionFor this research, it is assumed that pilates and acupuncture produce better results than that of the traditional lumbar stabilization exercises when it comes to treating patients with chronic low back pain.Purpose and SignificanceThis study aims to compare other modes of therapy to the traditional lumbar stabilization exercises and to determine whether other modes of therapy, specifically pilates and acupuncture, can help improve the conditions of patients who have chronic low back pain.The significance of the study is that it can provide information about which physical therapy is appropriate for individuals who have chronic low back pain. New information about various treatments can help enhance physical therapy and produce better results.Nature of Study and Theoretical FrameworkAn integration of quantitative and qualitative methods will be conducted th roughout the course of the study. The use of quantitative methods is vital for these will determine the empirical data that will contribute to the accuracy of the study. On the other hand, through the use of qualitative methods, the study will be able to provide insight on what the patients think of the aforementioned treatments.Research QuestionsThis study aims to address the following:Which treatment is more effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain? Why is the treatment more effective than the other treatments? What are the pros and cons of alternative treatments for chronic low back pain?   Definition of TermsChronic back pain – the condition wherein the individual has been suffering from acute back pain and has not shown any signs of improving after the duration of 91 days (Bogduk & McGuirk, 2002).Pilates – a â€Å"system of exercises† (Breibart, 2005, p. 3) that helps to stretch and strengthen the body as well as improve its posture and tone (B reibart, 2005).Acupuncture – the insertion of â€Å"hair-fine needles† (Tierney, 1999, p. 1) into certain areas of the body in order to stimulate the healing capacity of the individual’s body (Tierney, 1999).

Experiment 1: Calorimetry

Experiment 1: Calorimetry Nadya Patrica E. Sauza, Jelica D. Estacio Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Results and Discussion Eight Styrofoam ball calorimeters were calibrated. Five milliliters of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was reacted with 10 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in each calorimeter. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded; the change in temperature (? T) was calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The reaction was performed twice for every calorimeter. The heat capacity (Ccal) of each calorimeter was calculated using the formula, C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T[1] where ? Horxn is the total heat absorbed or evolved for every mole of reaction and nLR is the number of moles of the limiting reactant. The ? Horxn used was -55. 8kJ per mole of water while the nLR was 0. 005 mole. Table 1. Average Ccal from recorded ? T values. Trial? T, (oC)Ccal, (J)Ave Ccal, (J) 112. 2126. 82202. 91 21. 0279. 00 213. 093. 00108. 50 22. 3124. 00 310. 5558. 00558. 00 20. 5558. 00 412. 0139. 50244. 13 20. 8348. 75 513. 093. 0081. 38 24. 069. 75 612. 0139. 50209. 25 21. 0279. 00 712. 111. 60111. 60 22. 5111. 60 813. 093. 00116. 25 22. 0139. 50 Different heat capacities were calculated for each calorimeter (Table 1). After calibration, a reaction was performed in a calorimeter by each pair. A total of eight reactions were observed by the whole class. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded. Then the change in temperature was calculated. Eac h reaction was performed twice to produce two trials. The experimental ? Horxn for each reaction was solved using the formula, H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR [2] where Ccal is the heat capacity previously calculated for each calorimeter. The percent error for each reaction was computed by comparing the computed experimental ? Horxn to the theoretical ? Horxn using the formula, % error=|(computed-theoretical)/theoretical|? 100% [3] Table 2. Comparison of calculated ? Horxn and theoretical ? Horxn. RxnLRTrial? T, (oC)? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Ave ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Theo ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)% Error 1HCl13. 5-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 0-121. 75 2HOAc11. 3-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 7-56. 89 3HOAc11. 8-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 0-216. 70 4HNO311. 5-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 4-68. 36 5Mg13. 0-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 0-158. 23 6Mg15. 5-559. 4-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 0-712. 01 7Zn13. 0-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 0-43. 80 8CaCl210. 00. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5-11. 63 There were differences in experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn as shown by the percent error for each reaction (table 2). The discrepancies were caused by many factors. One factor was the loss of heat. The heat may have bee n released when the thermometer was pushed or pulled during the reaction. The heat may also have been lost because the calorimeter is not totally isolated. Another factor was the dilution of the solution. The pipette or test tube may still have been wet when used. However, the concentration used in solving for values was the concentration of the undiluted solution. Another factor that may have contributed to the difference in the experimental and theoretical values was human error. It was manifested when reading the thermometer or measuring chemicals with different instruments. The factors aforementioned are the limitations of this experiment. References Petrucci, R. H. ; Herring, F. G. ; Madura, J. D. ; Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry, 10th ed. ; Pearson Education: Canada, 2011; Chapter 7. Appendices Appendix A Comparison of Observed and Theoretical Heats of Reactions RxnLRTrial? TnLRqrxn? HorxnAve ? HorxnTheo ? Horxn% Error 1HCl13. 500. 00500-710. 19-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 000. 00500-608. 73-121. 75 2HOAc11. 250. 00515-135. 63-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 700. 00515-292. 95-56. 89 3HOAc11. 750. 00515-976. 50-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 000. 00515-1116. 00-216. 70 4HNO311. 500. 00500-366. 19-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 400. 00500-341. 78-68. 36 5Mg13. 000. 00206-244. 13-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 000. 00206-325. 50-158. 23 6Mg15. 500. 00206-1150. 88-559. 44-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 000. 00206-1464. 75-712. 01 7Zn13. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 0 8Na2CO3/ CaCl210. 000. 005000. 000. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 500. 00500-58. 13-11. 63 Appendix B Sample Calculations Calibration of Calorimeter 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HCl n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ LR: HCLnLR= 0. 005mol Grp 1 Trial 1 ?T= 2. 2oC Sol’n: C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 005mol))/(? 2. 2? ^ o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=126. 82 J) Determination of Heats of Reaction Neutralization Reaction Rxn 4 Trial 1: 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HNO3 n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) LR: HNO3nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 1. 5oCCcal= 244. 125 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(244. 25J)(? 1. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-73. 24kJ) Reaction between an Active Metal and an Acid Rxn 5 Trial 1: 15ml 1M HCl+ 0. 05g Mg n. i. e. : 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) ? Mg+2(aq) + H2(g) LR: MgnLR= 0. 00206mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 81. 375 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(81. 375J)(3^o C))/0. 00206mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? _rxn^o=-118. 67kJ) Displacement of One Metal by Another Rxn 7 Trial 1: 15ml 1M CuSO4 + 0. 5g Zn n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00764mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 111. 6 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(111. 6J)(3^o C))/0. 00764mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? rxn^o=-43. 80kJ) Precipitation Reaction Rxn 8 Trial 1: 10ml 0. 5M Na2CO3 + 5ml 1M CaCl2 n. i. e. : CO3-2(aq) + Ca+2(aq) ? CaCO3(s) LR: Na2CO3/ CaCl2nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 0. 5oCCcal= 116. 25 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(116. 25J)(? 0. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-11. 63kJ) Appendix C Answers to the Questions in the Lab Manual There are many possibilities that explain the discrepancy of the experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn. First, heat might have been lost to the surroundings. This is possible whenever the thermometer is pulled out or pushed in the calorimeter during the reaction. Also, the calorimeter might not have been thoroughly isolated. Second, the solution might have been diluted in the test tube or pipette. They might have been wet when used with the solution. Lastly, the discrepancies might have occurred due to human error. The students might have misread the thermometer when taking the temperature or the pipette when measuring the solutions. a. It is important to keep the total volume of the resulting solution to 15ml because any more or any less than that of the volume can contribute to the absorption or release of additional heat therefore affecting the ? Horxn. b. It is important to know the exact concentrations of the reactants to solve for their number of moles and to find out the limiting reactant. c. It is important to know the exact weight of the metal solids used to solve for their number of moles and to find out whether one of them is a limiting reactant. Also, the weight is needed to solve for the heat capacity of the solid when the specific heat is given. 200ml 0. 5M HA + NaOH ? -6. 0kJ LR: HAnLR= 0. 1mole H? _(rxn,mol)^o= (-6. 0 kJ)/(0. 1 mol) ?( H? _(rxn,mol)^o= -60 kJ) HA is a strong acid. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -60 kJ/mole Calibration:15ml 2. M HCl + 5ml 2. 0M NaOH? T=5. 60oC LR: NaOHnLR= 0. 01mole Reaction:20ml 0. 450M CuSO4 + 0. 264g Zn? T=8. 83oC LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00404mole n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 01mol))/(? 5. 60? ^o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=99. 6 J) H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(99. 6J)(? 8. 83? ^o C))/0. 00404mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-218. 0 kJ) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ ?Hof,H2O= -285 kJ ?Hof,OH-= ? ?Horxn= ? Hof,product – ? Hof,reactant -55. 8 kJ = ? Hof,OH- – (-285 kJ) ?( H? _(f,? OH? ^-)^o=-218. 0 kJ) Experiment 1: Calorimetry Experiment 1: Calorimetry Nadya Patrica E. Sauza, Jelica D. Estacio Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Results and Discussion Eight Styrofoam ball calorimeters were calibrated. Five milliliters of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was reacted with 10 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in each calorimeter. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded; the change in temperature (? T) was calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The reaction was performed twice for every calorimeter. The heat capacity (Ccal) of each calorimeter was calculated using the formula, C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T[1] where ? Horxn is the total heat absorbed or evolved for every mole of reaction and nLR is the number of moles of the limiting reactant. The ? Horxn used was -55. 8kJ per mole of water while the nLR was 0. 005 mole. Table 1. Average Ccal from recorded ? T values. Trial? T, (oC)Ccal, (J)Ave Ccal, (J) 112. 2126. 82202. 91 21. 0279. 00 213. 093. 00108. 50 22. 3124. 00 310. 5558. 00558. 00 20. 5558. 00 412. 0139. 50244. 13 20. 8348. 75 513. 093. 0081. 38 24. 069. 75 612. 0139. 50209. 25 21. 0279. 00 712. 111. 60111. 60 22. 5111. 60 813. 093. 00116. 25 22. 0139. 50 Different heat capacities were calculated for each calorimeter (Table 1). After calibration, a reaction was performed in a calorimeter by each pair. A total of eight reactions were observed by the whole class. The temperature before and after the reaction were recorded. Then the change in temperature was calculated. Eac h reaction was performed twice to produce two trials. The experimental ? Horxn for each reaction was solved using the formula, H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR [2] where Ccal is the heat capacity previously calculated for each calorimeter. The percent error for each reaction was computed by comparing the computed experimental ? Horxn to the theoretical ? Horxn using the formula, % error=|(computed-theoretical)/theoretical|? 100% [3] Table 2. Comparison of calculated ? Horxn and theoretical ? Horxn. RxnLRTrial? T, (oC)? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Ave ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Theo ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)% Error 1HCl13. 5-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 0-121. 75 2HOAc11. 3-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 7-56. 89 3HOAc11. 8-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 0-216. 70 4HNO311. 5-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 4-68. 36 5Mg13. 0-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 0-158. 23 6Mg15. 5-559. 4-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 0-712. 01 7Zn13. 0-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 0-43. 80 8CaCl210. 00. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5-11. 63 There were differences in experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn as shown by the percent error for each reaction (table 2). The discrepancies were caused by many factors. One factor was the loss of heat. The heat may have bee n released when the thermometer was pushed or pulled during the reaction. The heat may also have been lost because the calorimeter is not totally isolated. Another factor was the dilution of the solution. The pipette or test tube may still have been wet when used. However, the concentration used in solving for values was the concentration of the undiluted solution. Another factor that may have contributed to the difference in the experimental and theoretical values was human error. It was manifested when reading the thermometer or measuring chemicals with different instruments. The factors aforementioned are the limitations of this experiment. References Petrucci, R. H. ; Herring, F. G. ; Madura, J. D. ; Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry, 10th ed. ; Pearson Education: Canada, 2011; Chapter 7. Appendices Appendix A Comparison of Observed and Theoretical Heats of Reactions RxnLRTrial? TnLRqrxn? HorxnAve ? HorxnTheo ? Horxn% Error 1HCl13. 500. 00500-710. 19-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 000. 00500-608. 73-121. 75 2HOAc11. 250. 00515-135. 63-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 700. 00515-292. 95-56. 89 3HOAc11. 750. 00515-976. 50-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 000. 00515-1116. 00-216. 70 4HNO311. 500. 00500-366. 19-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 400. 00500-341. 78-68. 36 5Mg13. 000. 00206-244. 13-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 000. 00206-325. 50-158. 23 6Mg15. 500. 00206-1150. 88-559. 44-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 000. 00206-1464. 75-712. 01 7Zn13. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 0 8Na2CO3/ CaCl210. 000. 005000. 000. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 500. 00500-58. 13-11. 63 Appendix B Sample Calculations Calibration of Calorimeter 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HCl n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ LR: HCLnLR= 0. 005mol Grp 1 Trial 1 ?T= 2. 2oC Sol’n: C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 005mol))/(? 2. 2? ^ o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=126. 82 J) Determination of Heats of Reaction Neutralization Reaction Rxn 4 Trial 1: 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HNO3 n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) LR: HNO3nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 1. 5oCCcal= 244. 125 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(244. 25J)(? 1. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-73. 24kJ) Reaction between an Active Metal and an Acid Rxn 5 Trial 1: 15ml 1M HCl+ 0. 05g Mg n. i. e. : 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) ? Mg+2(aq) + H2(g) LR: MgnLR= 0. 00206mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 81. 375 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(81. 375J)(3^o C))/0. 00206mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? _rxn^o=-118. 67kJ) Displacement of One Metal by Another Rxn 7 Trial 1: 15ml 1M CuSO4 + 0. 5g Zn n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00764mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 111. 6 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(111. 6J)(3^o C))/0. 00764mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? rxn^o=-43. 80kJ) Precipitation Reaction Rxn 8 Trial 1: 10ml 0. 5M Na2CO3 + 5ml 1M CaCl2 n. i. e. : CO3-2(aq) + Ca+2(aq) ? CaCO3(s) LR: Na2CO3/ CaCl2nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 0. 5oCCcal= 116. 25 J Sol’n H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(116. 25J)(? 0. 5? ^o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-11. 63kJ) Appendix C Answers to the Questions in the Lab Manual There are many possibilities that explain the discrepancy of the experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn. First, heat might have been lost to the surroundings. This is possible whenever the thermometer is pulled out or pushed in the calorimeter during the reaction. Also, the calorimeter might not have been thoroughly isolated. Second, the solution might have been diluted in the test tube or pipette. They might have been wet when used with the solution. Lastly, the discrepancies might have occurred due to human error. The students might have misread the thermometer when taking the temperature or the pipette when measuring the solutions. a. It is important to keep the total volume of the resulting solution to 15ml because any more or any less than that of the volume can contribute to the absorption or release of additional heat therefore affecting the ? Horxn. b. It is important to know the exact concentrations of the reactants to solve for their number of moles and to find out the limiting reactant. c. It is important to know the exact weight of the metal solids used to solve for their number of moles and to find out whether one of them is a limiting reactant. Also, the weight is needed to solve for the heat capacity of the solid when the specific heat is given. 200ml 0. 5M HA + NaOH ? -6. 0kJ LR: HAnLR= 0. 1mole H? _(rxn,mol)^o= (-6. 0 kJ)/(0. 1 mol) ?( H? _(rxn,mol)^o= -60 kJ) HA is a strong acid. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -60 kJ/mole Calibration:15ml 2. M HCl + 5ml 2. 0M NaOH? T=5. 60oC LR: NaOHnLR= 0. 01mole Reaction:20ml 0. 450M CuSO4 + 0. 264g Zn? T=8. 83oC LR: ZnnLR= 0. 00404mole n. i. e. : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) n. i. e. : Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) C_cal=(- H? _rxn^o n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 01mol))/(? 5. 60? ^o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=99. 6 J) H? _rxn^o=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxn^o=(-(99. 6J)(? 8. 83? ^o C))/0. 00404mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxn^o=-218. 0 kJ) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ ?Hof,H2O= -285 kJ ?Hof,OH-= ? ?Horxn= ? Hof,product – ? Hof,reactant -55. 8 kJ = ? Hof,OH- – (-285 kJ) ?( H? _(f,? OH? ^-)^o=-218. 0 kJ)