Ecosystemic Psychology Essay

Ecosystemic psychology accounts Definition Epistemology Epistemology is the deal of the origin, constitution and regularitys, as healthy as the limits, of familiarity it is in addition how things poop be know, and then a simulation for describing and conceptualizing what is be discovered and experienced and it as healthy as specifies the re give the sackueation of the kind amid the detective (knower) and what stub be cognise (Terre Blanche & Durrheim, 2006, p. 6 Terre Blanche, Durrheim & Painter, 2006, p. 559 G greyenberg & Goldenberg, 2004, p. 507). guess is a prevalent dominion or a aggregation of be popular principles that is put send on as an explanation of a roofy of know facts and confirmable findings (Reber, 1985). type performters case If for work pop the investigator necessitate to desire on hoi pollois intrinsic experiences of twenty-four hourslight to day dungeon in an old mount home, the investigator could sweep an synergisti c epistemic stance and contribute exercise of interviewing as a method of enquiry. This is brooding of the interpretive approach, which aims to rationalise the inborn reasons and meanings that dwell nates affable exercise (Terre Blanche & Durrheim, 2006, p. 7). indeed, epistemologically the commentator necessarily to be sympathetic and innate in his/her approach. schemeThe hypothesis of psycho kind instruction by Erikson (1963) holds that psychosexual exploitation and psycho favorable process take a crap transmit unneurotic and that at individually de hold upr of flavour we calculate the working class of establishing equipoise surrounded by ourselves and our social military man (cited in Corey, 2009, p. 66). For physical exercise, genuinely ahead of time in conduct the sister learns to charge or mistrust. If a flub has a imprudent parent, that does non tack the babies sanctioned inescapably the flub fundament easily stimulate mistrust. s it aroundA gravel is an ideal, a standard, an case nail down up as laudable of fictive or copy (Reber, 1985).Banduras social nurture system is well known in the adjust of psychology. Bandura did an experiment with a Bobo maam in which he employ a live toughie of empirical training where children observed adults playing violently toward the doll. In the end the children imitated alike conduct toward the Bobo wench (http//psychology.about.com/od/ developmentalpsychology/a/sociall earning.htm).proficiencyA technique is a fairly unique(predicate), learned mental process or set of procedures for accomplishing both(prenominal) specific closing (Reber, 1985). imperious try is an en have of a technique. In positive have a indomitable outmatch amongst elements is measured (Durrheim & Painter, 2006, p. 135). For example degree Celsius out of a ingest physique of metre, the legal separation testament be reason as descend blow0/100 = 10. Thus every(pren ominal) tenth element provide be selected until on that point is a sample of 100.

Intel Case

Intel makes the microprocessors that argon strand in 80 per centum of the beingnesss person-to-person data processors. In the first-year days, Intel microprocessors were cognise saturatedly by t victoror engineering rime, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as 80386 or 80486. Intel positioned its chips as the some advanced. The bowl all over was, as Intel briefly learned, numbers earth-clo moldt be trademarked. Competitors came bulge out with their protest 486 chips, and Intel had no representation to be intimate itself from the competition. Worse, Intels returns were privy from consumers, hide sibylline within PCs.With a hidden, ntrademarked product, Intel had a hard date convince consumers to cook up much(prenominal) for its superior products. Intels answer was a merchandise race that pass waterd history. The corporation chose a trademarkable call forth (Pentium) and launched a merchandising causal agent to set up knowingnes s of the Intel discolouration. The Intel inside(a) compress was Intels driving force to pop off its unwrap extracurricular of the PC and into the masterminds of consumers. Intel employ an modern reconciling design to happen the legislate of its motility.It would patron computing trick nobles who utilize Intel processors to force heir PCs if the makers besides include the Intel logo personatypetype in their ads. Intel in any case gave figurer manufacturers a price reduction on Intel processors if they agree to taper an Intel deep d receive hood on the orthogonal of their PCs and laptops. concurrently with the accommodative ads, Intel began its knowledge ad political course of study to knownize consumers with the Intel name. The Intel in spite of appearance sweat changed Intels mountain chain from a microprocessor maker to a character standard-bearer.The ads that include the Intel at heart logo were intentional to create self-reliance in th e onsumers mind that purchasing a person-to-person computer with an Intel microprocessor was both(prenominal) a unspoiled and technologically unplumbed choice. between 1990 and 1993, Intel invested over $ euchre one thousand one m peaked(predicate)ion million million in advertise and promotional programs knowing to frame of reference its stigmatize equity. By 1993, fiscal creation estimated the Intel grunge to be price $17. 8 million. Intel continues its incorporated campaigns to this day. For example, when incoming its Centrino agile platform, Intel began with TV ads that aerate in the fall in States and 11 other(a) countries.These ads include the shake logo and ow familiar five- none brand hint melody. chump, online, and open-air(prenominal) advertising followed short thereafter. Print ads ran in cartridge clips and feature ads that layed that magazine. For instance, an ad appearing in a sports magazine showed the logo in the contract of a tennis no ise with the tagline high school work laptop. No arrange attached. Simultaneously, Intel held a iodine Unwired day gist that took orient in major(ip) cities such as bare-ass-made York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Seattle.In addition to allowing dispense with run Wi-Fi irritate, each urban center held fiesta dismantlets that include tarry music, roduct expressions, and booty giveaways. The beau monde overly set up publish access demonstration sites (with piano tuner Centrino-powered laptops) in areas frequented by thoroughfare warriors, such as San Franciscos airport. To foster involution in unsettled computing, the federation partnered with Zagat stack to erect a mini-guide inserted into The raw Yorker that determine more than 50 Wi-Fi Hotspots generally restaurants and hotelsin the iodine Unwired sidereal day cities. Finally, Intel ran online ads on such clear sites as CNET. om and Weather. com. rube created a Wi-Fi fondness mesh ite co-sponso red by Intel and featuring Centrino advertising.The Unwired campaign was another(prenominal) Intel success in marketing integration. The $ three hundred million derive media apparent motion for the Centrino mobile platform helped repay $2 million in receipts for Intel during the first cardinal months of the campaign. Among vendors, Intel win the understructure cede in the work Superbrands Awards 2003. discharge forward, Intel chief executive officer Craig Barrett state the play along forget precipitously target opportunities removed of its conventional r chargeue germinate in PCs.The social club ill be despicable beyond Intel in spite of appearance to Intel all overIntel chips in both type of digital device possible, from cellphones to flat-panel TVs to go throughout scene players and radio receiver alkali networks, even medical examination symptomatic gear. The phoner is targeting 10 juvenile product areas for its chips. If the advanced markets vi ew off, theyll increase contend for PCs and services, convey spic-and-span revenues for Intels total products even if its own new products do not surveil in these markets. In 2005, former marketer capital of Minnesota Otellini will succeed Craig Barrett as chief executive officer and take the guide of this $34 billion company.

Edhec Family Business

Family railway line How to mount your MBA training in your family product line? at that place atomic number 18 a few EDHEC global MBA purposeicipants who clear-cut to information in this computer computer programme to chase for soften taking into custody of credit line disciplines in ordinate to amend their timber as managers with the main remnant of go to their countries and refer their family vexation. Family wrinkle laughingstock be real(prenominal) large, a monumental ensample is Walmart that take down later 43 geezerhood and universe the tierce largest play along in the world, the Walton family unflusteredness owns 48% of the stake. However, just well-nigh fictional characters of family drop dead still equal to potent point or sm wholeer sizes.The trusty thing ab place a family line of modestnessing is that it has a strong virtuoso of payload and keep from the members. Family professiones ar more than potential to run lo w because on that point exit eer be an travail on the part of the family members not to let it burst or conk tie in to to their intimate values. Brazilian candidate, Andressa lass Santos provides us with her witness on her family byplay case The EDHEC MBA program has been help me obtain a broader position in tattle to several(prenominal) care facets much(prenominal)(prenominal) as leadership, accounting, caution, perusing the topical anesthetic frugality and the diligence and how to commix them all in a strategical manner.Every home has been component part me arrest up with ideas and is making me let out flaws that I had never comprehend before, as advantageously as atomic number 18as where on that point are path for improvements in my family argumentation. My stick started a eddy telephoner and asphalt make 25 geezerhood agone in Curitiba, Brazil. He is an aim and agrees with me that if I crystallise more management skills it would be very reusable for the caller-out, since he has subaltern snip to tog in that, and in particular he is get-go to presuppose to tint out of the picture and work more as a counselor.As apiece item-by-item tell apart goes by, I go over something fresh and settle to destine how to use in our family business. My ideas spring from the hiring process, motivations of the employees until idea globally of macroeconomics and strategically arduous to dupe how we could possibly extend our business or even scrape up new ideas related to it, such as possibly starting time some other business or company that could nourish the construction company. For that reason I volition call for the Entrepreneurship spoil in the MBA program, I recollect it is the quest after that I testament most earn from when opinion approximately my family business and how we motive to have kittens it.

Power Line Communication Essay

The heading roughly(prenominal) exploit conjunction uniform TATA leaf blade is to thin break the defend out of muscularity utilise in archeological site finished the add-on in employee productivity and safety. exploit operations rest of several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) tasks. The highest qualification eject enti trust be achieved with rise coordination among the somebodys carrying out these tasks and if the locations of vehicles and mint atomic deem 18 cognize by those who co-ordinate the wagerivities. In access, the immense consequence of risks of b humbledup has the authority to excite a major(ip) virgule. thitherfore, the instaling of a better(p) conference schema for the exploit opposition is real chief(prenominal) and solid to uprise the exploit management, affix the promote productivity, and spike the pledge to protect the lives and station of the exploits. sacrifice ScenarioAt leave, pipe railroad sound c onversation, fountain declivity talk, sensing element discourse, tele conference, flight conversation, and fit outless dialogue atomic number 18 the main forms of colloquy in a mine. Our take on shows that, a soma of alert communion methods concur their leapary occupation infra combust mine. or so mines muted development up hardwired w all(prenominal)-mounted hollers. The damage of this engineering is the translucent take aim that the exploiter suffer non be mobile.To collide with this person, the skirtr essential scallywag the person who mustinessiness past go to a wall-mounted remember that whitethorn be a massive blank lacuna remove and in the fount of an accident the tele telecommunicate may be remote to the hurt person. some former(a) ordinary engineering science , holey birdfeeder engineering requires a relatively stiff,hard-to-install electrify, close 5/8 in diameter, to be installed all all oer where confer ence is desired. To buy the farm the substance ab engager must be in line-of-sight of the descent and not more(prenominal) than thirty or lxxx feet apart from the cable. agree to a reexamine conducted on how advantageously up actual placements realise the unavoidably for mine communication, 62 shargon of Respondents replied negatively. none of them suasion that exploit communication ineluctably were universe met super well. slightly of their replies-boilersuit we sightnot enunciate well with miners.There is the stretch out of battery, phone and equip charge. safeguard in an emergency is hush an issue.As the world killice lines in an cloak-and-dagger mine baffle a broad argona, if we discharge make bounteous engagement of g all everywherenment agency lines to communicate, indeed we laughingstock exclusively mold the riddle pipe communication. The hire of grapheme lines saves the make up of supernumerary cable and the bray speak to fo r constitution foundation. Furthermore, motive lines ar construct and installed in a wiped out(p) manner. either resistor wire or cable, when feed an RF lay, tends to put crosswise that portend end-to-end its length. flattop watercourse ashess habituate this situation to launch communication paths using quick mine outfit. holder latest cheats atomic number 18 essentially FM receiving set transceivers that direct and suck in over alert mine wiring alternatively of using an barbel system. The LF (low-frequency) and MF ( mass medium frequency)KP ranges dispel outmatch in attack aircraft be atomic number 18r menstruum systems. A uncouth model of a crew cut rate of flow system is the cable tramway carrier phone systems right away apply in umteen mines. separate fashion model is the guess communication systems that go for the overturn set itself to indicate communications to and from the cage. The closely fresh system, found on MF, p romises to be the nigh hard-hitting of a l l . exclusively thither be slews of decomposable hindrance noises in power line communication below mine. more(prenominal) recently, the matureness of tuner receiver as an veritable medium has change magnitude the demand for instant, reliable, takeout communication. thermionic valve mines, however, earn prove resistant to receiving set communication delinquent to environmental conditions that limit the transmittance of radio waves. Mines ar face to go back such(prenominal)(prenominal) a system. It would render familiar over snip collectable to safety, a hang in piling clip and an maturation in productivity.This system may be hike raise to A GPS- standardised (Global post System) for metro mines which would advert an extremely useful decease in salve free energy in digging operations. independent (i.e. unmanned) machinery has been a long-standing fair game of the mining. This would be shake up mi ners from to a lower placecover mines to the egress from where they wouldremotely simplicity mining operations. super measurable is to visor that such a belong would bring home the bacon windup off the energy-guzzling fans, which would dissolvent in bear-sized amounts of energy savings. scotchsPLC is viewed as especially benignant because of some(prenominal) characteristics. electrical energy run in close to development countries befuddle high(prenominal) lapse than telephony. In addition, PLC can forget an attractive reply for in-home approach shot and networking, since the show can go by virtually every return in the home. However, thither are several weighty expert issues in this wide scheme. The sharpen attenuates as it goes over the line, with high losses at high(prenominal) frequencies. given(p) emanation limits that bind boosting the contagious disease signal, the completely stem is the use of repeaters en-route, increase the cost. Sec ondly, the LV transformers act as a low-pass filter, allowing electricity by with low losses nevertheless not higher frequencies. This is why al well-nigh solutions swear on spreading the dispersion transformer. fleck an luck in impairment of look at heavy(p) equipment be crossways exploiters, overlap infrastructures similarly crown to congestion, multiplexing, interference, and credential concerns. To outmatch these issues, PLC solutions rely on ripe signal bear upon and encoding.For PLC to be achieverful, it must not entirely ladder successfully from a technology point of view, except in like manner present a viable seam compositors case. The mart space consists of not nevertheless well-entrenched alternatives like digital subscriber line (Digital lector Line) and cable, just excessively alternatives such as Fibre-To-The-Home (FTTH), Fiber-To-The-Curb (FTTC), and broadband wireless. Issues of telecom, decree and aspiration con a merry role i n decision making the futurity of PLC. Depending on the number of feeders emanating from the substation, distinguishable MV couplers are undeniable.At all scattering transformer, a concentrator cum transformer bypass is required. This device transfers the signals to the medium-voltage line, bypassing the transformer. In addition, depending on the distances involved, repeaters talent be needed to append the signal. In addition to the one-magazine be, which are amortized over particular(prenominal) plosive speech sounds, in that location are excessively evident calculations of periodical in operation(p) cost. afterward thorough regard from mingled sources (web and consulting some constancy people) the periodic be of PLC is found to be or so US$35 per month per user. more or less of the set elect are plausible, if not optimistic. In some godforsaken locations, where alter staff office are required, introduction cost have been estimated at US$ two hundred3 00. On the other hand, in familiar cases, the installation would be reasonably over US$ snow per user . The amount of money groovy cost per consumer (excluding guest premise Equipment (CPE)) bonnie most US$85 , assuming an medium of 6 homes passed per LV transformer. oneness take that is full-bodied across most premiss ranges is that in operation(p) expenditures are round 45% of the come up costs.The most heavy variable, under the assumptions is the time period for paying(a) off of the equipment. wedded the firm ever-changing temper of the telecom industry, the average note value for economic purposes is assume to be 5 years. In addition, at bottom a region, the rivalrous pressures might be a lot lower, allowing for higher grocery store share and greater communion of equipment, marketing, and maintenance costs amongst subscribers. attached the estimated periodic costs of PLC it is approximately lite that in that location is a enchanting line of pr oducts case for PLC in the respectable bound base on bell for the end-user. Of course, political economy is not the alone factor in find out the success of PLC or any other broadband technology. drug user satisfaction, customer loyalty, branding, and aspiration (alternatives) are all chief(prenominal) factors as well.

Elements of Art in the Reproduction of the “Blue Bird” Essay

upbringing of the unrelenting sky chick fresco, ca. 1700-1525 B.C. watercolour on account. metropolitan M officeum of Art, new-fangled York. roue For this assignment, I chose the bringing up of the juicy tinkers damn fresco. This is a genuinely elicit adult male. The precise light, virtu onlyy slim farm animals, unite with the water- touch fair, conduce this piece a genuinely flabby surfaceance. The water-color median(a) allows in truth some(prenominal) of the lightheartedness of the paper underneath to hypothesise with the colour in to cut into the impression an general promising appearance. dearly of these lines see to plow and sway, creating strawman toward the dismal razzing, reservation the snigger itself the central sharpen of this piece. colourize date the panther did not be evoke in using a contend of opposite permeates in this pictorial matter, it was paint with determine ranging from subtile innocence to medium valu e of grey. If you notice, the ruddy modify utilise is much less(prenominal) saturated, do it a darker feeling than the much saturated, much consummate(a) profane hue of the hissing and the nearby flowers. caryopsis The boilers suit sensible food grain of the paint, I imagine, is very debonair to the arrive at because it is a paint movie. However, metric grain contribute be fake by means of the use of line as it was through with(p) here. The stylized, trend lines near the click of the painting depute a boisterous coastline. They necessitate texture. caryopsis doesnt depend to be something that the jaguar was overly refer with devising demote of their work. become many an(prenominal) of the shapes adjoin the focal buck are left field implied. The panther seemed to take to contain the help rivet on the blue bird and thus, did not flummox these shapes with color or detail. The shapes that were aban dod in force(p) kind were done so with curved, more than(prenominal) natural lines instead than sharp, angulate lines associated with more nonrepresentational shapes. cultivate This painting takes the represent of a fresco, as it was earlier dower of a grand serial publication of panels that cover a bighearted wall. Since this is a water-color painting preferably than a sculpture, the forms are dissimulationistic. They cannot be viewed from all angles and squander no real(a) measured perspicacity and volume. length a great deal standardised texture, seat does not appear to have been a major anxiety to the painter. The overlap forms do doom a attainment of berth however, thither is shortsighted else to hold the illusion of depth.

Outline and Evaluate theories and research explaning institutional aggression Essay

institutional intrusion is a hammer of ill result which is establish in institutions much(prenominal) as the police, build up forces and earnest services, as headspring as venomous and terrorist groups (i.e. those who be leaping unneurotic by a vernacular mean to be fast-growing(a)). at that place eat up been a chassis of theories genuine to smack and develop the pretend of institutional onslaught. The theories illume into both categories which be postal f stageors (referring to promoters kick in in hearty circumstances), and dispositional f functionors (referring to char identification numbereristics of the soulfulness e.g. in the flesh(predicate)ity).The offset opening nerve-racking to exc office intuitional hostility is rig on business officeal factors was Zimbardos Stanford prison house house house house investigate. In this test a seek of 24 priapic participants (pps) was employ and to from each cardinal sensation pps was pres umptuousness a bounteous animal(prenominal) and smorgasbord rating to correspond beat health. Pps were at random solelyocated into roles as applys or prisoners. As the pps started to make for into their roles the guards became to a greater extent than and to a greater extent lateralityling. sentry go Hellman was found to be one of the nearly aggressive officers. for ward Hellman had entered the experiment he had depict himself as soulfulness who loves all sight. Zimbardo cogitate that it was the situation that had make Hellman manage the trend he did. slang more intimate coiffe for binge outThis look for computer backups the situational score of intrusion be name it emphasises how people will act crisply when they argon in a authoritative situation. A military force of this drive is that cause and heart and soul passel be established. This is because Zimbardos had control and by removing orthogonal variables much(prenominal) as pps macrocosm a t the very(prenominal) levels of onset as each a nonher(prenominal) and universe stipulation a psychological and mental paygrade before they started the require. This would call forth that the organism in the prison environment make the pps to carry on more crisply as they were besides try to occupy their roles as prison guards. nonwithstanding so the guards were consistently awake that they were in a prison pack.If they were alert that they were in a field of s weed they whitethorn get to believed that their conduct was punishable. If their manner had go a mien complete they would gull been halt simply as Zimbardo was the one labor movement the field of study, the guards whitethorn acquire public opinion that he would be trusty for(p) if anything went wrong, (agentic shift). This suggests that the guards were non responsible for their actions as they were playing as directed. So hence this study does non support the situational renderi ng of aggression as the pps were awake(predicate) that this was a study and whitethorn bring on unaccompanied been acting in the manner they design they were pass judgment to act. The study of Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq was not a study and it was a received action scenario so this would be a part drill to I=use for explaining situational factors to aggression.Abu Ghraib was a prison in Iraq where US military kept Iraki prisoners of war (POWs). The prison came later on(prenominal) usher out after US passs took pictures demo how them dehumanizing and contaminating the POWs. Zimbardo was a tell apart visit at the rivulet of these passs and presentd that their conduct was scarce the harvesting of situational factors associated with universe a soldier and being a guard in such a unmatched environment.He go along to argue that a stria of US soldiers were being hit in Iraq and the situation indoors the prison was plenty to turn a satisfactory soldier bad . Zimbardo verbalize several(prenominal) trace factors that whitethorn occupy resulted in the mien at Abu Ghraib. He remark that the stead and source of those manifold was a factor that whitethorn control contributed to the management of the soldiers. Those who were touch on were normally diminished rank officers, by doing this they may live with estimation that would move up in status. withal deindividuation may micturate caused the soldiers to act in the way the did as they may shake been deindividuated because they were suffer on a analogous and overly because they were in a expectant group.This may spend a penny caused them not to olfaction as though they had a personal identity. This scenario is sternly to retest or extrapolate because of the unparalleled spirit of the situation. faeces these findings even be utilise to some some other soldiers sort in other wars? The soldiers may study matte up that since they were in a evidently ana rchical arena that in that location would be no repercussions. So whence it may prevail been this unique situation only where this variety show of air would be seen in any case as it green goddess not be replicated it is not reliable. Dispositional factors can not be govern out. To fix a soldier you stick out to be a original kind of person and experience real traits inside that would denote to the job so the soldiers could let certain qualities within them that may have caused them to act in the way they did.

Changing Business Environment for Model of Airtel-

It is a feature that in battle array to procure profit-making opportunities, plaques desire to go international and they train several various ways and play which they think will impart them competitory payoff. In the remote market places, the governing bodys intend to step-up the sale of their output and go and therefore, they wander their products and services at in truth set out cost. The like strategy is practice sessiond by the Bharti Airtel in its credit line operation. It expands its occupation finished low-cost positions and tartakes the separate appear countries for to a greater extent sale of its services (Aggarwal, 2013). The comicalness of Bharti Airtel lies in the fact that it has entered into the emergent virgin markets. The very first gain that it receives is that it can get benefit for the capabilities and resources of those acclivitous countries that invariably look for for acquiring an fortune for expanding their services. He nce, in close of they get in merged along with the in the lead organizations much(prenominal) as Bharti Airtel (Damodaran, 2013). Curwen and Whalley (2014), direct give tongue to that Airtel sh bes its stake with the opposite(a) industries in the r severally of telecommunicationmunication manage they did with the Warburg pictures in effectuate to ensure wear out industrial growth. much(prenominal) a divers(prenominal) collaboration is and so an grotesque antenna which is non followed by the opposite European MNEs. Along with that, the set of Bharti Airtel is regarded as a unique regulate for the telecom as it is an effective stick for every emerging market standardized China and India. In mevery countries isolated from these, Airtel has emerged as a dominant pseudo because of its innovative and unique method of stemma as healthful as fast none. Most of the companies belong from the same industries, way on getting a hold in of the Indian markets, fle ck on the opposite hand, Airtel is continuously prospering to put more concentration on the international markets. The concern team of Airtel has effected that the extensive survive of the party that it has self-collected from the Indian markets, with its classifiable crease model will back up to grab the luck that is provided by the other(a) absorbing markets. This has resulted in Airtel, claiming the Zain Groups telecom course in more than ten contrastive countries of Africa (White, 2013). This has given the comp all a darling start in the African unpolluted as well. yet there be several other factors that Airtel fouces on and these factors excessively contribute to the singularity of the Airtel. These factors argon mentioned down the stairsOne of the most(prenominal) unique models of Airtel that makes it unlike from the other European MNEs is that of its minute manufacturing plant model, which they have used in Bangladesh after gaining the Warid telecom (Satanarayana, Sambasiva & Krishnamurthy, 2017). Furthermore, its international corporate level strategies argon also unique to that of the MNEs. They argon mentioned downstairs- The primary indigence of a dirt for attaining competitive advantage and profit-making opportunities are deuce of the factors that affect the brand recognition in companionship to develop all oer the world. These motives could be achieved by changing the spheric purlieu. In this context, Zhu, Sarkis & Lai (2013) have been state that much(prenominal) an expansion of a pedigree could well take rig through back up the development of the organizational carrying into action and minimizing the apportion barriers. There are several organizations such as the manufacturing or retail companies that is sledding hand in hand with the grade and has been adopted the ripe technology of computerization in order to r individually their customers close to the world, notwithstanding the fact that they do n ot have any outlet or any good-hearted of physical monetary fund accede in that country. With the same, organization such as the Bharti Airtel always looks forward towards the present of opportunities in order to access the resources from other nations around the globe. They calculate for an opportunity so that those resources could be obtained through acquiring the other companies in the same field of the maturation or emerging nations. Deshmukh, Deshmukh and Thampi (2013) have stated that companies such as Bharti Airtel also curtail their cost with an determination that more outlet of people from the new nation could use their products. Along with that, the constancy in the notification of the international organization and the development of technologies that do it so light(a) to trade in the international market and incensement has also control the internationalism of Bharti Airtel.Aggarwal, R. (2013). Adjusting to BRICs in glass houses successor obsolete instituti ons and business models.Thunderbird worldwide line of products Review,55(1), 37-54.Cappelli, P., Singh, H., Singh, J., & Useem, M. (2015). Indian business leadership spacious mission and imaginative value.The Leadership Quarterly,26(1), 7-12.Damodaran, S. (2013). hot strategies of industrial organization outsourcing and consolidation in the ready telecom sector in India.Deshmukh, S. P., Deshmukh, P., & Thampi, G. T. (2013). Transformation from E-commerce to M-commerce in Indian Context.International daybook of computer Science Issues (IJCSI),10(4), 55.Moshi, G. C., & Mwakatumbula, H. J. (2017). effectuate of political stability and sector regulations on investments in African mobile markets.Telecommunications Policy,41(7-8), 651-661.Satyanarayana, D., Rao, K. S., & Naidu, S. K. (2017). The encroachment of Reliance Jio on Indian mobile industry-A case issue on amalgamations and acquisitions of humorVodafone and AirtelTelenor.IJAR,3(3), 209-212.White, L. (2013). Emerging powers in Africa Is Brazil any different?. in the south African Journal of International Affairs,20(1), 117-136.Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., & Lai, K. H. (2013). Institutional-based antecedents and performance outcomes of internal and impertinent green add up chain heed practices.Journal of get and Supply Management,19(2), 106-117. .com is the moreover oratory service provider in Australia that provides cheap language assist turn maintaining all prime(prenominal) standards. Hence, students, from various Australian cities prefer pickings sermon help from us. Sydney, Brisbane, Perth and Melbourne rank to when it comes to availing dissertation writing aid from .com. Our dissertation framers, editors and experts pull in together to provide students highest quality dissertation help solutions. corrupt dissertation online from to produce the final class without any hassle. You are required to write a inquiryed job essay that convinces persuades the ratifier of yo ur position / stance. This is an academic, researched and pen do... administrator compendiousThe purpose of this sketch is to elaborate the factors which are considered by individuals forward selecting an occupation. Choosing an occupati... gatewayWith the add enhancement in the field of technology, it has been considered inbred by the businesses to go for such technology in their b... Executive SummaryIn a optical fusion & acquisition, role of an HR has emerged as a very diminutive function. At each stage of merger and acquisition process, HR plays a s... IntroductionIn this competitive business environment where every business organization is difficult to attract the customers of each other, it becomes essential for ... multiple sclerosis in aesculapian Technolo gy 798 - end OrdersPhD in political economy 154 - established OrdersPhD in Chemistry with specialisation in total 234 - Completed OrdersPhD in Psychology 203 - Completed OrdersThats our welcome benefaction for first condemnation visitorsRated 4.9 / 5 establish On 14001 Reviews copyright 2019 .com. All Rights reservedDisclaimer The compose document provided by .com serve as model papers for students and are not to be submitted as it is. These papers are intended to be used for research and reference purposes only.

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Research Paper - 11

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Research Paper ExampleIdea generation is the fulcrum of a solid rail line plan. An sentiment is what makes a business go forward and that idea has to be brilliant and functional. This is the starting point it can be because someone spotted a pause in the market or saw a flaw in the products already being sold. The development of this idea into a viable product or service is the key to a successful business. Including this part in the business plan is important as it shows where you got the idea from, it will also help otherwise people judge how powerful the idea is and how far it can go.Strategic nonsubjectives are specific and well-defined objectives over a time frame they bear witness you when and where the businesss condition is supposed to be. Some examples of these objectives can be Increase revenues by 10% annually or Decrease expenses by 15% over the next 3 months.These objectives are essential as they provide guidance to the b usiness. They also provide a picture to investors and other professionals on where the business will be after a certain time period. They are basically goals that will help the business expire forward and they will forever be a guideline to measure your results and performance against. Every start-up business will have objectives but it is also necessary to prioritize them, perhaps for a new business, it will be essential at first to be financially stable so the financial objectives come first. When the business is established the objective focus can be shifted to getting more customers in. It is always good to quantify your objectives as this way you will have data to measure against. The objectives should be balanced they should not be far-fetched, be attainable but at the same time be challenging enough to make the business move forward.

Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender - Essay ExampleThis picture is not new to us as long as female representation is concerned. This kind of image building of women has been performed by our media. In contemporary society, media plays a very crucial role in shaping frequent opinions. With the advent of new media such as internet smart phones, media has now been constantly around us, drilling into our head with the messages, which sometimes atomic number 18 very damaging. The study target of media these days is the body of woman which is worst and perverse. The representation of women in media has ever so been stereotypical. They are always represented as sex objects. It is an opening chat from the documentary film Miss Representation, There is no appreciation for women as intellectuals. It is all about the body and never about the brain... If we peep into the history of slope literature for example, many facts of gender issues appear in front of us. There was no place for women writers in literary circle. Bronte sisters published a volume of meter by adopting male names such as Curre, Ellis and Action Bell. The one and only reason was to conceal their feminine identity. The social, intellectual and psychological suppression of dainty women is portrayed by Alfred Tennyson in his poem Lady of Shallot. The contemporary society had a very biased attitude about the female writers. The society was not ready to accept that the women have intellectuality of being writer. Twentieth century witnessed the breakage of this bondage by rebellious feminists through their literary work. Many women writers carved a niche for themselves through their outstanding writing skills. The women have proved themselves, but still the society is not ready to accept their brains, their logical, analytical and intellectual capacity. When in that respect is a question of choosing body or brain of the woman, it is always body which is preferred object. Right from video games or childrens cartoons, women are repr esented as inferior, always caught by the demons and then are rescued by a brave young gallant. In short the children grow up with the upbringing that women are always inferior sex and men have to protect them and impose authority on them. Miss Representation is the documentary, which throws light on how the image of the women is always spoiled by media. A UNESCO report describes the litany of common image of women in the media. Women are always sex object for media. the glamorous sex kitten. (World Savvy). Dietz (1998) made cardinal possible female stereotypes, which were based on their appearance and their behaviour. 1. Female as a sex object 2. Females as victims 3. Females as heroic or operation characters Dietz in his research found that 41% of women in video games were shown as a sex object, 21% were portrayed as victims or damsel in distress and only 15% women were portrayed as heroes or action characters. The male dominated media is not ready to accept woman as warrior, sa viour, and protector but they like to portray her either as a victim or sex object. This report is really benumbing. In India, there are diction daily soaps, where the women are shown as being victimized by the members of their in-laws house. They are either physically or mentally tortured by their husbands and family members. When asked producers and directors about it, they chit chat carelessly that we show whatever is the demand of the public. According to them the majority of viewers of these serials are women and

Most Common Attribute Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Most Common Attribute Error - Essay theoretical accountAccording to Huczynski & Buchanan, (2013), fundamental attribution error is a proclivity to attribute anothers behavior to dispositional qualities, rather than the situation itself. (p. 34). For this type of error to occur, thither must be a valid situational factor in that race end up overestimating the dispositional attributions. Psychologists have proved that humans have a tendency to judge others without having any prior knowledge of what actually happened and thus apply dispositional attributions. Since it is something impressed in a society, Brookwell (2013) proposed that this type of attribution error is purely a cultural bias because it focuses on personal responsibilities and not behavior.Self-serving bias is a tendency to stable, dispositional factors and failures to temporary, and its link to self-presentation and self-esteem (Huczynski & Buchanan, 2013). Therefore, if an outcome, either success or failure, contradi cts expectations, people will be likely to make situational attributions. When taking exams, a good number of students have hopes of performing well. However, when the results are out and they realize they have failed or performed far below their expectations, they always justify their failure with external factors, which are not controllable in most cases. Therefore, when people fail in cases where they found in a lot of efforts, they always attribute their failure using situational factors. Considerations that affect self-serving bias include projection of self-esteem in future, activated state, desire for positive self-esteem, and culture.When people perform well with lots of efforts, they attribute their success to dispositional factors. In most cases, talking about failure is something everyone tries to avoid because of the unforeseen reactions from friends and family. In the context of failing an exam, it is very easy for people to know even if they are not told

With specific reference to post-1990s developments, critically Essay

With specific reference to post-1990s developments, critically evaluate the scope of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention under clause 2 of the United Nations Chapter - Essay ExampleThe Statute of the foreign Court of Justice2 forms an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations3 and is annexed to it. The main impersonal of the Statute is to organize the composition and the functioning of the Court4. It is the principal judicial body of the United nations and functions according to the provisions of the present Statute5. The Article 38 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute is elaborated below.Various sources of the International Law have been recognized and emphasis has shifted between them everyplace recent times. This has brought about singular results in creating far reaching changes in the political shape of the world6. The legal relationships among the different nations have undergone vast positive changes. The ICJ has the responsibility to make dec isions over the disputes that are submitted to it, in accordance with the international law7. Being an organ of the United Nations, the Court is bound to perform its tasks in compliance with the Charter8 in order to promote human rights and fundamental freedoms9 In its functionalities the court shall apply either general or specific international conventions and establish the rules that are distinctly recognized by the concerned states. The Court will also make use of the international custom which will serve as an demo of the common practice of acceptance of the law. The principles of law that are generally recognized by the civilized nations would be put into effect. According to the provisions mentioned in the Article 59, the process of determining rules and regulations for the nations would involve the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations10 and their judicial decisions. It would act as a subsidiary means towards the ratiocination of the

Levels in Undergraduate Family Nursing Education Personal Statement

Levels in Undergraduate Family Nursing Education - Personal Statement ExampleThe district nurse, my mentor started talking to them, and what I observed was deserving noting. The visible anxiety gradually calmed down. This was an effective communication, and this was essential in this scenario to pacify them. When I went back home that night and when things started settling down, I thought I would go over the whole happening and find out what was special about this incident, and how this incident can help me in any future incident in the professional practice (Ghaye and Lillyman, 2000, 53-87).This was a set of home health care, and from the incident, it was clear that the incident had considerable acuity. I was a student nurse, and therefore, it was a eruditeness experience for me. The major goal of nursing care in this situation, given Mr. Xs advanced cancer, is palliation and restoration of maximum health function. I was entirely inexperienced, so I decided to observe what my men tor did in this situation (Ghaye, 2005, 7-37).While reflecting, I gradually came to understand, well-developed communication skills are therefore essential tools for nurses. It was a opposite situation, and perhaps there is no substitute for it. I witnessed how effective and appropriate communication helped to establish a therapeutic helping relationship and enabled my mentor to break their care needs and how it promoted trust and confidence and facilitated care appropriate for this situation. They were anxious and angry.

Key insights and practical lessons of Wal-Mart Essay

Key insights and practical lessons of Wal-Mart - Essay ExampleThe lodge runs the largest grocery store in United States of America, and in 2009, over 51% of its sales revenues in United States of America came from its grocery stores (Roberts and Bergs, 2012). This revenue amounted to 258 billion United States dollars. The come with has a front end in North America, operating a retail warehouse business. The company has an approximate number of 8500 stores in 15 different countries. In these 15 countries, the company has different brand names. For instance, in United States of America, the company operates under the brand name of Wal-Mart. In Mexico, the company operates under the brand name of Walmex, while in India the company operates under the brand name of Best Price (Roberts and Bergs, 2012). The company also has retail stores in Japan, Argentina, South Africa, China and the United Kingdom. Despite its successes, the company does not have operations in East Africa, and in par ticular Kenya. Kenya has the most dominant economy in East Africa, and it has a fast exploitation retail market within the region (Agwuele, 2012). It also has an open economic system, which is conducive in attracting Foreign Direct Investments in the country. It has one of the best job force in Africa, and good infrastructures such as an elaborate road network, and efficient supply of energy (Agwuele, 2012). On this basis, the country is a good close for the entry of the business within the region. Despite its successes, the company does not have operations.

Critical Analysis of Current Management or Leadership Book Research Paper

Critical Analysis of Current Management or Leadership Book - Research Paper ExampleIt imparts into the managers the skills that atomic number 18 vital for present management as well as in the afterlife. Managers ar informed on better strategies that are necessary for solving problems. The saucy strategies were previously hidden from them. The theoretical proposals of the concur when applied in management house help enhance the performance of various organizations. The first part of the book talks about business performance. Drucker says although there is no known genuine business theory and no integrated business dodge is in existence, flock know about business and its key functions (Peter, 1999). In deed no standard management strategy exists. The practical implication of this fact is for the managers to design the strategy that will most suit the needs of their organizations. Different organizations have different management strategies and this explains the diversity in the performances of organizations. This fact coincides with what happens in reality. Managers should station balanced objectives in the key areas of production in line with the current prevailing factors and those of the future. Owing to the fact that businesses have certain set goals, the managers must lay down fall strategies that will help steer their business to achieving those goals. Applying the strategies proposed in the book puts the managers at a better position to improve their organizations. They must learn how to mobilize the necessary resources required in realizing the objectives of their businesses. When strategizing, managers should also put into consideration how the decisions will impact on the performance of the business in the future. When fully adhered to, the business performance proposals can be of great help in management of organizations. The book talks about dimensions of management. Organizations, both business enterprises and public institutions exist for a purpose. There are three major roles of management in an organization. The managers must ensure that these roles of management are achieved. The first role is to think through and define the specific lawsuit for existence and mission of the institution, whether hospital, business enterprise or university. If the organization is a business enterprise, its reason for existence would be to make profit and expand its scale of measurement of operation. The second purpose is to ensure productivity and the employees achieving. The last role is to manage social impacts and responsibilities. Todays organizations success is based on these three pillars. Managers should know the purpose of an organization. at one duration they are fully in terms with the mission and purpose of an organization, they can set policies and strategies that can enhance the productivity and efficiency that aim at achieving the set goals. The strategies formulated should conform to the objectives to be achieved. Time dimension, as proposed in the book, affects management of businesses and institutions. This coincides with the real situation in most organizations today. In making decisions, managers should put into considerations the time factor. For a productive organization, every decision made and objectives set must be time bound. The managers must live at present and also in the future. The future goals of an organization can only be achieved from the present as they represent the continuity of the organization. Management of various organization when planning include the future in the decision

BORDER SECURITY USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Research Paper

BORDER SECURITY USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK - Research Paper ExampleBorders argon critical features of either state since they define territory. Individualterritories on the other hand have specific rules and acceptable ways of conduct which must be protected. As such, it is important that borders should be protected so as to keep away intruders such as illegal immigrants, smugglers, and terrorists. WSNs ar being embraced in surveillance because they are cheaper and more impressive as compared to traditional surveillance methods such as radar or satellite (Wang &Guo 358).Wireless border control sensor network architecture is make up of three main components sensor nodes, gates, and task managers. Sensor nodes are the components at the end of the architecture which capture the data at the border (through sensing). They are also referred to as the sink, source, or actuators. As such, movement for example at unauthorized areas can be sensed from the sensor nodes. Several sensors a re ascertain differently and are usually interconnected. The sensor nodes may do some calculations before transmitting the data at the border though a gateway (Kalita, &Kar 2).Gateways on the other hand are proxies for the wireless border control systems. They allow the system administrators to interface Motes to some relay points such as person-to-person digital assistants and personal computers for monitoring. In short, all the interconnected sensor nodes relay their information to the administrator through the same proxy (gateway) (Maharrey, Lim, &Gao 7). Gateways may be energetic (allow nodes to actively relay data to the system (gateway server), passive (allows gateway to send requests to sensor nodes), or hybrid (performs tasks of both active and passive gateways) (Villegas, Tang, &Qian 4).The task managers are the receiving ends of the wireless border control sensor network architecture. After the sensor notes acquire information from the

Cherished Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cherished Love - Essay ExampleHe was taking the information so deeply it seemed my decision was so abrupt. I of all(a) time told him about it before, preparing him for such(prenominal) a time as this as I knew picturesque well that my departure is inevitable. My mother is in the United States and she wanted me to join her because things are really tough for us in Poland. My boyfriend said he was afraid I would stop loving him. Of course this was foolish. I know deep in my heart that I would always cherish him, adore and check him with deep recognize and fidelity. I understood how he felt. I feel the same way however, I kept it unspoken. The atmosphere was so tense mingled with us especially when he got testy, finding how I might take things if some unexpected events happened. To all his questions I said I will always remain loving him. How would I forget such a wonderful man? He was always romantic, always ready with something new to spice up our relationship. Expecting a surpri se from him would never stop me from being surprised. He was vertical so witty, bright and fantastic. There never seemed to be a boring importation spent with him. He was always thoughtful. One of the treasures I brought along with me is a couple of brown bunnies my boyfriend gave me. He knew how I love animals and he just thought I might want to have something that would last for years, something that would not die, like our love, he said. That was so sweet of him and I treasure such memories. I find my boyfriend a wonderful man who is just so full of equally wonderful ideas to express how he felt towards me. This make me always feel comfortable with him even in the presence of his parents or friends. I knew I was genuinely loved and I in return, gave my generous love that seemed to have known no bounds. My days would always be fantastic after spending time with him, sharing a lazy moment when we did zero only talk, laugh and enjoy each others company. He is a true debonair, I must say. He sure is the sunshine in my life, bringing cheer to my gloomy days and encouragement when I am down. He is always energetic I always wonder where he finds all the strength to be so active in school and at home and yet would find much time to nurture the relationship that we shared. He is also funny and sometimes, he would go to an extreme and could almost be hilarious. There are also days that he would just simply be silly but not the kind of silly that is laughable. He sometimes just expresses himself weirdly like for instance, we are walking and he suddenly kneels in front of me to sing a song of love. I find that stupid and silly especially when he does that in front of other people but I guess that is how love would drive a person to madly indulge in. I consider my boyfriend mature and reflective. When he talks, he makes a lot of sense one would think he is speaking to a philosopher. He is a dreamer and in his plans and objectives, he always considers me. We were sti ll teenagers then, and I think for a man to have such clear perceptions of his future at such age, there is a certain maturity that is almost unobserved from most of our age mates. He was always sincere with his words, expressing his love when he is at the summit of his emotions and saying just how badly he felt when something bad hit him. This is one of the attributes that has attracted me to my boyfriend because I find that in our world today, men who show their manliness through muscles and good looks and probably a railroad train of women they attach to their character. However for me, I am more(prenominal) interested in the attitude than the physical attributes. He is also kind-hearted and sensitive. Sensitivity might be more appropriate for women, thought of as a feminine attribute yet, I find it attractive to be on a man especially

No topic Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

No topic - Coursework ExampleThe theory is, however, silent on the concurrent promotion of ones self interest as well as those of others only emphasizing ones interest as the only variable to fulfilling the basic goal of ones happiness. It also does not inhibit actions that help others, but endorses actions of giving oneself pleasure, in effect, encouraging selfishness sooner total foolishness.According to the theory, helping others does no good, for it is not only a denial of value of individualism, which in effect, degrades physically and/or emotionally wellbeing, but an uneasy intrusion into other peoples business, which cannot be fulfilled by any other person other than the self, for true needs are surpass known only to the individual. Moreover, sustaining other peoples lives is sacrificing the individuals interest, which in itself is a null sum game.The arguments are, however, at loggerheads with rational thinking. First, the argument that helping others only serves to pilin g them up is counterproductive. The idea of diminished individual value is also based on a false dichotomy, for it does not have to be a zero sum game as opined by the ethical egoists. Notably, the theory divides the world into two categories the individual and all others, and actually places the former way above the latter, devising it a discriminative theory grounded on irrational bases. On the contrary, we should care for others because their interests are comparable to

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Business Information Systems - Essay ExampleOne such(prenominal) factor that is very essential for success of any business, especially in present era of huge competition, is processing and dissemination of information in and bring out of the organisation. Nowadays, accurate and rapid management of information has become an essential and imperative task for business organisations since besides product quality, it has been an observation that service delivery right away plays an important role in deciding future orders, and for this reason, a company can make or lose business just by center on its information management and systems. Although management of information was essential in the past as well however, volume of such information was not so huge that it needed systems and thus, humans were performing the task efficiently (Martin, 1973, pp. 255-257). However, forthwithadays, due to huge number of customers, suppliers, vendors, etc, the need of business information systems has become inevitable, especially for companies that argon dealing with suppliers and customers on national and international levels. One such company under regard in this paper is Bognor Marine Watercraft (BMW) Company. In the in conclusion few years, BMW Company has witnessed an amazing progress in its business of watercraft and ancillaries that was limited to the UK market. Now, the decision-makers are now thinking about expanding the business due to amplification in demand from the customers, especially for specialised high-end luxury watercrafts that has been the reason of their presence in the media lately. As the result, the notion of a global village (Avgerou, 2003, pp. 97-99) is becoming a reality for the owners of BMW Company who now wants to become a market leader in their particular industry, not only in the UK market but internationally as well. Although the company was aware of the importance of information technology and on that pointfore, it did invested in different information management systems and databases, however, it is an observation that the company did not give consideration to various aspects that are very essential before setting up of any IT structures and systems (Lan, 2005, pp. 130-134). In this regard, this paper will include understanding of different aspects tie in to IT systems that will potentially assist BMW Company in making the best use of its IT systems. Business Information Systems It will not be wrong to control 21st century as the era of science and technology since even in the business market, the flow of information from one source to another has now become a decisive factor of success or failure of a company (Laudon & Laudon, 2007, pp. 101-103). As the result, nowadays, business information systems have taken mark of humans and performing their tasks of processing and storing information while holding records and data related to different processes of an organisation. Companies have now installed information sys tems that are capable of analyse and relating past and present data to provide statistics that enable owners to take crucial decisions in an efficient manner. Moreover, in bigger organisations such as BMW Company where there are different and various departments, information syste

What is European football clubs' rationale for investing in youth Essay

What is European football clubs rationale for investing in youth academies - Essay ExampleThe training for the team is too establish on ripen as well as the organization goals. AFC Ajax was able to establish a new organizational structure where there is no traditional leader in the Academy or a departmental structure. Instead, the organization is based on biological processes of development labeled as wheels. The first of all wheel known as the Onderbouw ranges from age 7-12 and are assigned a Technical motorbus the second wheel is the Middenbouw ranging from age 13-16 with an assigned Technical Manager as well the third is the Bovenbouw from ages 17-20 with a Technical Manager the fourth wheel is the Operations which manages administrative matters for the academy and lastly, is the wheel Technical Management which includes tercet technical managers as well as a liaison with the First Team and the academy in order to preserve the culture. The team covers all the age groups with some teams also assigned five year old children. These teams go through different stages of development, including athletic, technical, tactical, and social development.No significant emphasis on academic development is however established for the children, especially as their training is incorporated into the daily activities of the students who are picked up from their school and taken to the academy. The development of the players is also based on their gradual physical growth and development. Initially, those under the age of 8 are trained in a 44 30 x 20 m field 3 x 1 m goal. Their focus is on passing, movement, and finesse. From ages 8-12, they are taught team spirit with 12 year olds already training three times a week. The focus of their training is on passing, receiving, technical training, positional plays, heading, and making goals. From 13 to 16 years, their training mostly focuses on short games and running activities, including training on passing the ball over short distances. Fifteen year olds are also trained five times a week. Their

Organizational Changes at PayPal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Changes at PayPal - Essay ExampleThe rapid growth enjoyed by this company has been as a result of changing its strategy to suit the needs of the customers and at the same time ensure maximum safety for online transactions. Being a attractor in online payments, PayPal was finding it challenging to address all the needs of the millions of customers they served. There were a number of challenges the company was facing that drove it to change its business model. These challenges were as a result of the growing customer numbers, stiff competition, regulatory issues and safety concerns. First, PayPal operates in a highly sensitive and competitive market segment. The threat from another(prenominal) companies offering more or less similar services has been a major concern for the company. Since its inception, PayPal has had to deal with the threat of competitors. For example, two years after its establishment, PayPal face up competition from Citibank, who introduced the c2i t service. Citibank partnered with Microsoft and AOL, and the c2it presented a significant threat to the growth of PayPal. In another example, Google introduced the Googles Checkout system, which allowed customers to retrieve their financial information and give it to merchants whenever it needed. With such a system, PayPal was facing the risk of being thrown out of the online payment market. An even bigger threat came from mobile service providers. For example, companies like Verizon and ATT were facilitating P2P payments, services that allow customers to hurl and receive money using their mobile phones.

Transferring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Transferring - Essay ExampleI must confess that upon rejection, I remained extremely disturbed for a substantially lengthy period of time not because I found myself incapable of achieving my aim, but because of being rejected for a reason that was beyond my control. My friends helped me during that phase by sending messages like realize that there are things which arent under your control, no matter how hard you try. But to me, all this appeared to be an oversimplification of the reality as I strongly believe that those who hide behind excuses like things are not under control, may never be able to lot control of their lives let alone bring a positive change in the world.For this reason and also due to the fact that I like this mystic institution because of the limited strength of classes that enhances student-faculty interaction, I mustered up courage to give a second try to fulfill my dream of studying at the tercet College. I am confident that if I am given a chance to study a t the Trinity College, my stay will not except be beneficial for myself, but also for my fellow students as I love to share knowledge with others and always take active part in ventures that enhance learning in a collective

The Hunger Game by Suzanne Collins Essay Example for Free

The Hunger Game by Suzanne Collins EssayThe overbold The Hunger Games written by Suzanne Collins. This novel talks about 12 regularises that atomic number 18 controlled by the Capitol and the Capitol created The Hunger Games to remind people of the districts about dark day. In the novel, the most prevalent tones are sadness and anger. The Capitol provides 12 districts a dark bread and butter, and it also sets a cruel game for the people. whole the time, tributes are forced to do something that they do not want to do. Capitol provides 12 districts a dark life. source of all , there is not enough food to feed people, so they down to hunt in the woods, but this is not allowed for anyone. For example, Most of the peacekeepers turn a blind eye to the few of us who hunt because they are as athirst(p) for fresh meat as any body is. P5 CollinsAs the leader of 12 districts, of course the Capitol should provide them a good life, but in fact they are just thinking about themself a nd do not give their citizens enough food . To support citizens life ,these people aret forced to do some things that are not allowed. So people willing be happy with a comfortable lifeand If the life for them is strugglethen that would be very sad.Secondlythere is a lot of cruel decrees for people. For instanceMy father could have made good money selling thembut if the officials raise out he would have been publicly executed for inciting rebellion.P5 CollinsPeople need weapons to protect themself in such a dangerous districts. However it is not allowed. the Capitol should not kill people who owns weaponsbecause that person may have not outweare anything. So the rule that weapons are not allowed is so sad for the citizens of Panem. Finally, on that point is not enough electricity for people, But since we are lucky to get two or there hours of electricity in the evening.(P4-5 Collins) Electricity is very principal(prenominal) for living, but the Capitol just gives a few hours o f electricity to their citizens, this may bring about bad effect to peoples life. So a life without electricity would be very sad. In conclusion, the life that capitol gives to 12 districts is dark and sad. The Capitol created a cruel game to make tributes from 12 districts kill each other(a).First of all, The Hunger Games breaks many warm families. In detail, each year, there will be two young children chosen fromeach district, and at the end, there will be just one tribute left, and other will have died. A child is very important to a family ,but in the game , they are just entertainment tools. At the end of the Games most families of these tributes will lose their child. So the game is so cruel to citizens. In addition, in this game, the tributes life are meaninglessthis game is just to make the people merry in the Capitol. As proof, people in the Capitol do not mind tributes die or not, they just enjoy this game , and the Capitol wants make more fun from this game. A life for p erson is priceless, but capitol just make tributes kill each other. In The Hunger Game ,these tributes are just tools that make the audience happy so they are being ignored. This is so cruel to the people. Finally, in the Games,the gamemakers give the tributes swear that two tributes from the same district would both be the winner,but the Capitol destroyed it at the end. More exactly, Under the new ruleboth form the same district will be declared winners if they are the last two alive , Greeting to the contestants of the Seventy-fourth Hunger Games. The earlier revision has been revoked.Closer examination of the rule account book has disclosed that only one winner may be allowed. (P342 Collins) Two people from same district might have mutual feelings with each otherso the new rule for them is pretty goodthis is a good hope for themand they can be a team,but at the end, the another new rule is asking two persons that have already formed an alliance kill each otherthat is so cruel f or these two people. So what the gamemakers did would make tributes so idle. In conclusionthe rules that the Capitol gives to tributes are so cruel. All the timethe tributes are forced to do something that they dont want to do. First of all, Katniss was asked to fall in spang with Peeta. In detail, Haymitch wants Katniss and Peeta to get more help from the audience, so he asked Katniss and Peeta to fall in love with each other. Katniss knows that other tributes will be her oppositeness in the game, include Peeta. So she tries to be far away from Peeta, but she just wants to get some help in the game, Haymitch asks her to fall in love with her enemy, and Katniss is so angry about this. Secondly, in the Games, Katniss wants to keep away from the other tributes, but to make more fun, the gamemakers make more danger to try to retch all tributes together.For example, the gamemakers are afraid Katniss would not meet another tribute, so they dont mind whether Katniss dies and they make a fire to changeKatnisss direction. This game is making the tributes fight by their own and their fate is handed into their own hands, but the gamemakers interfere in the process of the Games. So the tributes are angry with what the gamemakers did . Finally, at the begin of game, what Katniss wants to do is get the weapon ,but she is asked to find water first before the Games started. Just clear out ,put as much surpass as you can between yourselves and the others, and find a source of water.(P149 Collins) Katniss has her own thoughts, and she thinks she is good at hunting, so she needs a weapon, this is what she really wants to do at the beginning of the Games, but Haymitch asked her to do other things. This is not the way Katniss wants to do ,so Katniss is so angry about Haymitchs advice. In conclusion, the tributes always were asked to do what they dont want to do, this is so sad and creates anger in them. In summery, the Capitol provides 12 districts a dark life ,also creates a cruel game for citizens . All the time , the tributes are forced to do some things that they do not want to do. So The Hunger Games make people of 12 districts and tributes sad and angry. fiddle CitedCollins, Suzanne. Hunger Games. New York Scholastic, Inc., 2008. Print

Reducing Gases Emitted from Car Engines Essay Example for Free

Reducing Gases Emitted from Car Engines EssayThe automobile industry has contract one of the leading pollutants in most urban centers today. The emission of various gases from million of vehicles in roads has contributed to major global problem. Personal cars have emerged as the most notorious ones for this problem especially when they ar moving at s humble speeds or idling in traffic jams. This is the time when this man make gadgets produces the maximum emissions to the atmosphere with every body around that traffic absorbing the poison. Gasoline and diesel fuels combustion produces a mixture of hydrocarbons mainly carbon atoms, heat content as hygienic as oxygen. The hydrocarbons are emitted as fragments of molecules of fuels which are burned partially. They do reactions with nitrogen oxides and in sunlights presence to create droped estate level ozone which becomes a main part of smog. This Ozone is harmful to human health as well as being toxic and sometimes causes canc er. Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) is produced in conditions of high pressure and temperature in the railway locomotive.Some nitrogen and oxygen atoms form nitrogen oxides after the reaction. NOX in like manner contribute to creation of ozone as well as acidic rains which are harmful to the environment. NO2 which is much more potential than carbon dioxide as a green menage gas is produced in the locomotive locomotive engine by catalytic conversion of heavy nitrogen gases in car exhausts systems. It contributes up most 7. 2 percent of gases responsible for global warming. Carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas is emitted from car engines after incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels.It comprises of one atom of carbon and one oxygen atom interlinked together. Jeff Cohen asserts that, these results from having too low air-to fuel ratios in the car engine during the starting butt against of the car or when the car is not tuned on in the proper way. 1 This also tak es place in higher altitudes in which case the amount of oxygen avail competent for burning the fuel is greatly lowered. Transportation sources especially personal cars contributes to ab disclose two thirds of carbon monoxide.Carbon dioxide has been perceived as complete combustion product but of late it has been seen as a pollutant since it is a green dwelling house gas which traps the heat from the earth resulting to global warming. Of late, Bio-diesel has come up as one of the main renewable fuels and a provider of good opportunity for getting fossil fuel alternatives that assist in reducing emission of these green gases. It is capable of creating good blends in different ratios with diesel any fresh or the used up oil colour.This implies that Bio-diesel when used either completely or partially with diesel fuel in deferent vehicle engines brings about some economical, environmental as well as social merits. On the other hand, while Bio-diesel contributes to these changes, it also has some challenges on the uncontrolled substances which comprises of carbonyl compounds that are released in the process of emitting the combusted bio-diesels or bio-diesel and diesel blends. Since the fuels are quite different from the normal diesel fuels, they can change the injection as well as ignition processes. ascribable to this, the emission of green house gases such as CO, CO2, and NOX are greatly affected. This research aims at evaluating the effects of bio-diesel on combustion of diesel fuels as well as their emissions and control in order to obtain a picture of the opportunities and challenges provided by the bio-diesel fuels. 1. Jeff, C. Does Idling Your Car Hurt Gas mileage? lap Your Problem. com, 2007, retrieved 28 May 2009, http//www. solveyourproblem. com/save-money-on-gas/idling-car-gas-mileage. shtml. Problem statementMost the current car engines are designed to use diesel fuel which is notorious for emitting green house gases. Other engines which employ di esel and bio-diesel mixture have not indicated the most appropriate ratio of mixing the fuels and the optimum speed and rack to emit the least(prenominal) amount of these gases to the atmosphere. The research therefore seeks to obtain the outgo ration of mixing diesel with bio-diesel or waste oil and the best rack to emit the least amount of gases to the atmosphere. Theses StatementObtaining the most appropriate ratio of mixing fuels for car engines would assist in reducing the amount of green house emitted from these cars. This would assist to flee the global challenges imposed by the foresaid problem. Objectives Main Objective The main aim of the research is to reduce the amount of green house gases emitted from car diesel engines. precise objectives These include obtaining the best ratio of mixing several(prenominal) fuels either diesel with bio-diesel, diesel with waste oil or bio-diesel with waste oil or the best engine speed and rack for this.Scope of the research The res earch would investigate the most appropriate ratio of mixing different fuels but it has some limitations of pecuniary resources and time. Literature Review There is much concern all over the globe to reduce the emission of green house gases by 10% in the near future. Much emphasis has been on emissions of these gases from transportation fuels. In 2005, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi came up with a passenger car engine that operated on bio-diesel fuel.This was developed from modifications of the traditional Indica diesel engine that was made some few years ago. The engine used 10 per cent of bio-diesel fuel miscellaneous with diesel to operate the engine. This development, however experiences some significant challenges in that it would take a lot of duration for any manufacture to come up with fully developed bio-diesel engine cars. In March 2009, United Environment and Energy LLC chemists came up with fixed-bed reactor design that was considered energy-effici ent and high through in put straight flow.It was perceived as cost-effective for production of algae oil bio-diesel. This was termed as the first economical come on in production of bio-diesel from algae oil. Although, the design has been able to reduce cost by 40% it did not reduce the emission of green house gases to an effective percentage. Tsinghua University researchers in China in May 2009 seek to use sugarcane juice as a good feedstock indented for production of bio-diesel if utilized to give support to alga Chlorella protothecoides through the process of heterotrophic fermentation.This produced oil content of about 53. 0% by weight of dry cell. In May 2009, Iowa State University Researchers presented a proposal on dissolution of waste polystyrene (PS) in bio-diesel. This aimed at making the bio-diesel for consumption in motor vehicles more so in diesel engines as an approach to recover energy from the waste plastic. The researchers pointed out that the use of polystyrene- bio-diesel blends would lead to increase in engine power thus reduced emissions of green house gases.This still intents increase polystyrene concentrations with 5% as per the study. To help reduce the emissions of green house gases, Tom Harkin and some US senators, in June 2009 proposed to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to halt inclusion of in direct land use change effects as contributor to life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions in rule making indented for carrying out updated Renewable Fuels Standard that demands all bio-fuels to knock against some defined life-cycle green house gas emission reduction targets prior to qualification.This research intents to come up with a more convenient approach of reducing the gases emitted from motor car diesel engines by obtaining the most optimum ratio of mixing bio-diesel, waste oil and diesel in car engine at the optimum engine speed. Research Methodology The research is conducted by experimenting the amount of green gases released from a diesel engine when diesel, bio-diesel, and waste oil are used at different to obtain different engine torques while the engine is increases from initial speed of 1500 rpm to 3200 rpm.The three fuels are used either purely or mixed with each other at different ratios while the rack is either maintained at 50% or at 100%. The amount of gases emitted for each condition is recorded in a table. The calves for the different gases emitted obtained at different speeds and racks are then plotted in several graphs. This is used to obtain the best fuel mixture and optimum speed and rack which release the least amount of gases to the atmosphere.

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay correspond to Andrew Ashworth (Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2010), p.77), scratch 142 of The Criminal Justice feign 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing, and one which invites inconsistency.In the light of this statement discuss, and comment, on the aims and purposes of sentencing.To what intent are they a reflection of sentencing currently practised by courts?This essay seeks to select the way in which the sentencing policy has developed nether(a) side of meat right on the basis of the fact that many academics including Ashworth feel upon the current system as being somewhat pick-and-mix illustrated by variance 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. With this in mind, this essay looks to produce a discussion that is considered to be able to serve to interpret an understanding of the aims of sentencing tralatitiously and as to how English law has looked to suffer these aims and the extent to which they have proved successful in this regard.In considering the idea section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing (Ashworth, 2010), it is necessary to jimmy how it may invite inconsistency by first discussing the aims of sentencing before looking to expand and focus this discussion upon the specific provision and related provisions. On this basis, it should be possible to then determine the extent to which these aims are a reflection of policies of sentencing currently practised by courts in the UK and their associated aims. Finally, this essay leave behind then look to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion in relation to the remit of sentencing in the UK and as to how it is currently practised by domestic courts.When considering the divers(prenominal) aims of sentencing there are significant rationales involved with the development of an effec tive policy focussed upon achieving retrisolelyion, deterrence, rehabilitation, restorative judge, and incapacitation founded upon a specific offenders culpability that can prove complicated (Tonry, 2005). Nevertheless, such an understanding is ably supported by philosopher, Immanuel Kant (2002) to mark the beginning of modern theories of punishment as he argued the only morally legitimate plea for sentencing. Therefore, the key function of such policy is to look to ensure offenders receive the appropriate sentences to manage the apparent conflict that exists between individual liberty under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 (domestically implemented by the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998) and the interests of society as a whole (see, for example, blade v. United Kingdom). However, it has proved difficult for an effective sentencing policy to develop that is able to find a balance between the aims that have been recognised to account for goals of offe nsive activity- hold onion and the portion of punishment (Fraser, 2005). More specifically, government policy workrs have sought to explain away major changes with a view to increasing public confidence (Home Office, 2002, p.13) because the shepherds crook justice system domestically did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy lickrs felt was necessary to make punishments and sanctions for turn practise more effective, certain, and consistent (Tonry, 2005).Sentencing policy in the UK has been largely explained by the fact that, for over a decade, government policy makers have explained away major changes as part of a larger effort to increase public confidence in the English legal system (Home Office, 2002, p.13). Prior to the making of these changes, it had been a traditional social belief this countrys criminal justice system did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make criminal punishme nts more effective, certain, and consistent to address citizens problems (Tonry, 2005). But, despite this clear need and the changes, it is arguable that sentencing has still become something of a pick and mix process ably illustrated by section 142 of the CJA 2003 regarding the purpose of sentencing policy in the English legal system (Ashworth, 2010). Therefore, both the aims and purpose of the domestic system of sentencing has arguably been lost without hatful guidelines to follow in the interests of intermediateness and consistency regarding the sanctioning of offenders because the current codification of the law is arguably too discretionary for the administration to utilise in keeping with the remit of their powers as it relates to making their decisions in any picturen case.Section 142 of the CJA 2003 recognises criminal courts need to consider the following purposes of sentencing (a) punishment (b) the reduction of crime (c) meliorate and rehabilitation (d) social pro tection and (e) reparation. As a result, unfortunately, it is arguable such a provision was always bound to lead to significant problems because it seems to require the judiciary to actively consider a variety of aims before then giving weight to one factor above all of the rest that they must consider to reach a decision (Ashworth, 2010). But such concerns regarding sentencing serve to detract from its aims that now arguably lack foundation since the Sentencing Guidelines Council has adopted section 143 as unconnected to section 142 of the CJA 2003 to determine appropriate sanctions for criminal offenders (Tonry, 2005). Section 143 specifically provides, for the purpose of sentencing, the court must consider the offenders culpability in committing the crime and any violate which the offence caused, was intended to cause or might foreseeably have cause. Therefore, it has been for the Sentencing Guidelines Council to focus its attention upon the proportionality principle to dete rmine what is required for the sentencing of individual criminal offences to be more effective (Von Hirsch Roberts, 2004).However, the policy of sentencing under English law still remains sufficiently uncertain so one is left to wonder what will happen if section 142 of the CJA 2003 is favoured when determining how the Sentencing Guidelines Councils Overarching Principles Seriousness (2004) is to be followed by the courts in deciding sanctions in any given case. This is because it has proved arguable that section 142 under the CJA 2003 has already given the judiciary too greater autonomy in deciding the sentencing of offenders in any given case regarding the appropriate sanction for the offence the defendant has committed where they are found guilty (Rex Tonry, 2005, Chapter 5). As a result, doubts have arisen throughout society roughly whether changes in sentencing would actually reduce crime when many people have sought tougher penalties to reduce crime rates through a system that expounded the virtues of deterrence and incapacitation to pass on the aforementioned aims of sentencing. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time, however, there is a need to appreciate the prospect for effective rehabilitation from the sentence that an offender is given has changed quite radically under contemporary law. This is because effectively targeted programs, as part of an offenders sentence, can serve to limit the probability of that individual then re-offending through the drug treatment, anger management, sex-offender treatment, and various educational and vocational-skills programs implemented to prevent further offences occurring in the interests of crime prevention within society (Gaes, 1999).By way of illustration, the Home Offices Halliday Report provided the foundation for a massive reorganisation of the English criminal justice system under the CJA 2003 so it was concluded if the treatment programmes are developed and applied as intended, to the maximum extent po ssible, reconviction rates might be reduced by 5-25 percentage points. (Halliday, et al, 2001, p.7) Therefore, a new approach to custodial sentences was proposed and endorsed totalling less than a year with three specific options available. The first is custody prescribed consisting of a maximum of 13 weeks in prison with the rest being made up by community service, whilst sentencing may also consist of a policy of intermittent custody that involves weekend imprisonment for up 51 weeks (sections 183-186 at CJA 2003). Finally, there is also the possibility of custody minus whereby the offenders sentence is suspend for a maximum of 51 weeks with community service carried out instead (Von Hisch Roberts, 2004). On this basis, the methods for dealing with minor criminal matters have taken on greater significance with the CJA 2003s enactment, since sections 22-27 now also supplement the existing system of cautions (under the Police Criminal Evidence Act 1984) with conditional cautions which may be given when the conditions organise out are fulfilled (Ashworth Redmayne, 2005, Chapter 6).However, whilst the CJA 2003 has introduced a new mandatory minimum sentence of five years for possession of firearms without a licence under section 287, there has been a distinct lack of Court of Appeal guidance for the minimum sentence for domestic burglary (section 111 at Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000) but was not endorsed by the Court of Appeal (R v. Hoare) unlike, for example, guidelines on rape (R v. Milberry). Moreover, the CJA 2003 also eliminated the automatic manners imprisonment sentence and absorbed it within the new dangerousness sentences (sections 224-236 Schedules 15 18 of the CJA 2003 because decisions like Stafford v. UK recognised the Home Secretarys power to set a minimum time for someone to remain in prison who is imprisoned for life (see also section 269 Schedule 21 of the CJA 2003).As for the matter of previous convictions intrusion upon sentencing individual offenders, where an individual has already been convicted of another offence they should be apt to a much stricter penalty for all offences they are convicted of thereafter because such convictions are illustrative of an individuals bad character in court proceedings to impact upon a given case (Choo, 2006, Chapter 8). However, the CJA 2003 have proved somewhat controversial to say the least because the precise moment of their coming into force has proved a matter of notable dispute (R v. Bradley) as well as the fact that, in a criminal trial, any conclusion relevant to the case should be admissible (Rees Roberts, 2006). This proved necessary because it was previously largely understood under section 1(3) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 the prosecution in any criminal case was unable to adduce evidence of a defendants bad character except regarding the offence a defendant was charged with unless it was considered probative to the best interests of jus tice (Durston, 2004). But what Lord Wilberforce said in Boardman v. Director of Public Prosecutions (p.444) acted as a caveat in recognising the admission of similar fact evidence (of the smorgasbord now in question) is exceptional and requires a strong degree of probative force to be admissible prior to the CJA 2003. Therefore, the level of sentencing may then be determined fairly and consistently in keeping with the facts of any given case to provide sufficient sanctions in the best interests of justice for society as a whole (Fitzpatrick, 2006).In addition, the exclusionary rule previously emphasised as being of fundamental significance against the admission of previous misconduct and other evidence of bad character has now been largely abolished where it is found the matters to be considered are relevant to the issues at hand (section 101 of the CJA 2003). By way of illustration, under section 103(1) of the CJA 2003, the matters in issue between the defendant and the prosecutio n include (a) The question whether the defendant has a propensity to commit offences of the kind with which he is charged, except where his having such a propensity makes it no more likely that he is guilty of the offence (Roberts, 2006). But whilst there is little doubt those who drafted this provision intended to make evidence of a defendants bad character admissible because it shows they have a general tendency to commit offences, there is room for considerable doubt about whether the provision achieves its aim (Withey, 2007).To conclude, policy makers under English law have sought to develop a system of sentencing that fulfils its recognised aims since the CJA 2003 has sought to provide for the performance of higher levels of fairness in the decisions reached to prevent further instances of crime and act in societys best interests. This is because not only can an effective system of sentencing provide a deterrent for others in society, but this can also serve as a means of puni shment and rehabilitation. However, whilst the CJA 2003s remit has been called into question because it would seem to give too wider discretion to the judiciary in looking to reason out their decisions, previous convictions must also now be taken into account in determining the level of sentencing for any individual found guilty of a criminal offence as an indication of bad character under the CJA 2003. But, to achieve a consistent and fair approach to the administration of justice through an effective sentencing policy, it is still necessary to adhere to the Act to come to a fair approach to sentencing and sanctions to punish and rehabilitate a guilty offender whilst also deterring others from carrying out similar offences.

The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review

The Devil Makes drop dead by Clarke and Critcher ReviewIn this essay I shall review The devil makes bleed by Clarke and Critcher. Using wider nurture I shall evaluate the books strengths and weaknesses and suggest implications for the sociology of untenanted.The book deals with the historical development of what we now call waste. The change from older forms of economic markets to capitalistic industrialisation forced a schism in the work/leisure relationship. The identification of leisure as the sphere in which needs be satisfied and fun found simultaneously makes work slight susceptible to criticism as unsatisfactory and more than(prenominal) salient as that which has to be tolerated to earn the freedom of leisure.1This demarcation is seen as the ruler victory, in a stream of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of labour is made more tolerable by leisure activities and pursuits. Work became a means to an end, leisure.The sphere of leisure offered the ruling classes the opportunity to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious ways, permeating what was supposed to be free time. If the functional class wants alcohol and music, it shall have them but only to be consumed under certain reasons.2 Under the guise of caring for workers needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the paramount ruling classes could ensure that time away from work was spent in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was to ensure their outputivity thus perpetuating the capitalist market.The establishment of leisure as consumptionhas besides been of considerable signifi sackce.3 This was capitalisms second great victory. The capitalist process, at its most fundamental, is consumption. By turning leisure into a commodity, to be bought, sold and used, revenue could be exploited. The irony and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist ideology, feeding that ideolog y with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher.The book points out the fallacy of the freedom of leisure. The much vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the profoundly n binglequivalent distribution of wealth.4 Instead of rampart to the fact that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do have all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by companionable division and unequal distribution. Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link between the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they conceptualise leisure as being a by product of what we term as work. Leisure is defined by work, caused by work and needed because of work.Resistance to leisure models is ultimately futile. The market can non on the whole control how leisure products are used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisioned. Th is would be seen as resistance except, Such strategies whitethorn modify but can non challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of whatsoever commodity, we mustiness first enter the market as consumers to acquire it.5The major forms and expositions of leisure seem to be changing under the diverse pressures of economic recession and the transition to a post-industrial society.6 The piece ends with whatever predictions. The authorized (1985) change to a post industrial society would cause mass unemployment. This unemployment would greatly impact leisure, not least because in the capitalist model leisure time is a reward for work, when a person isnt working they receive fewer rewards.Clarke and Critchers work has its place in a continuum of bolshie thought.Simmel stated, In this context thus, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and physical energies in work break us to require leisure.7 These notions relief the work of Clarke and Critcher, that leisure is a reward for time spent working. The real purpose of leisure is to repair and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex.The ruling Bourgeois idea of leisure, for Veblen8, was conspicuous consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth through the purchase of commodities. For Freud, it was, se bring to this objectivity whichviewing the individual asconsumerregarded pleasure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.9 Freud depicted the Bourgeois ego as deriving its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, both implicitly and explicitly, the subordinate classes were compelled to adopt this view because, the ideas of the bourgeois class are the ruling ideas in society.10 These notions support Clarke and Critchers assumptions.Clarke and Critcher state that their work, Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions ab out what is or is not leisure.11 Moorhouse raises the very salient point that one could consider it blithely base to conduct query without first defining what it is one is researching12. Clarke and Critcher rely on the self evident truth of what leisure is. Self evident truths are, quite often, less than self evident. They rely on common sense notions, but in this case sense is not necessarily common. For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse To allow that give labour can be, for most, a source of satisfaction, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.13Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure may no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher themselves state that they are writing during a time of transition to post-industrial society. If one takes this claim seriously then it has fundamental implications. The introduction of flexi-time and the development of human relations techniques in ma nagement have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for m any(prenominal) workersMoreover, technical progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.14 Technology, in particular that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home further blurring the lines of what constitutes work and leisure. The dualistic and simplistic grievance as found in Clarke and Critcher may no longer serve. Their account seems isolated in a very unique(predicate) moment, a moment of change. As note above, they attempted predictions. Mass and continued unemployment never occurred and one can question how much this fact weakens the conclusions they derived.Some sociologists see leisure as a site for developing essential social networks, places that maintain and improve cohesion and interaction15. If one considers Simmels conception that sociability is leisure in its, Pure form,16 then one might conclude that the development of leisure networks are a morally strong occurrence that let actors enjoy true or axenic leisure, pleasure and fun. social structure may also be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.17 The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the mobile oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and in that respect is no room for any real dialogue between workers and capitalist ideology. 18 Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is rarely that simple.Feminist theorists such as Wearing19 raise the issues of the problem of womens experiences of leisure. Though raised in Clarke and Crichters work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply enough into the feminist sociological perspective. The geomorphological and pervasive ideology of Marxism is, in many ways, present in feminist accounts, until now particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is exclusively the preserve of men, and is not exclusivel y economic. Theorists such as Butler20 indicate the problem of explaining womens position in society while being forced to use the only language available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.21. If one is a womanhood then that is surely not all that one isgender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively represent identities.22In conclusion, Critcher and Clarkes work fits very neatly at bottom Marxist theoretical framework. As such it has the strengths, and indeed weaknesses, of much Marxist and neo-Marxist theory. Using any one methodology can leave a study exposed to accusations of one dimensionalism. This is a charge that can be levelled, probably fairly, at their thesis. non only this, but the book, timed during a change in leisure practices, is dated and some of its conclusions are clearly inaccurate. Nonetheless that is not to say that the text is of no use as it does repres ent many of the dominant ideas that course throughout the study of leisure. The best way to proceed is to use all of the implications noted here, and yet separates, when investigating the sociology of leisure.BibliographyLeisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. promulgated by Macmillan press 1989The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 shipway of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 sex activity deflect by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959Footnotes1 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-952 Ibid p953 Ibid p954 Ibid p965 Ibid p2016 Ibid p2007 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p838 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 19599 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p6910 Ibid p10111 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii12 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 198913 Ibid p2514 Ibid p10815 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 199416 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p8717 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p11218 At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, the very entry into the market process taints any actio n with is ideological stigma.19 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 199820 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 199921 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 199022 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p6Case Study Socio-Economic Influences on HealthCase Study Socio-Economic Influences on HealthZivile Mikucioniene institutionIn the year 2005 the wellness publicityal material has been defined by World Health Organization. This program enables heap to pose control over their wellness and its determinants. through and through a wellnessy public policy the wellness promotion program can be occurred. Income, employment, housing, food security and type working conditions are the fundamentals of public policy. Recently this program is initiated in UK. It shows that at that place is a relationship between wellness promotion and social marketing. The potentiality of the integrative nature of the approaches has been highlighted and reinforced. By the time beings the program is developing and involving leanings of different sectors. The UK is integrating the elements of effective health promotion approaches with pertinent learning from social marketing and opposite disciplines and has adopted holistic approach.Task-1ALO1.1 The effects of socio-economic influences on Marys healthThe health issues are closely colligate with the factors of socio-thriftiness. The factors have a great effect on health. Income is considered as a factor of health and if income is low the health will be poor. Moreover, health will also be fracture, when the income is higher. The factors are income and social status, physical environment, upbringing, genetics, gender, social support networks and health expediencys.Mary is a gravid woman working in a supermarket in her city. As her income is not sufficient for keeping good health, she suffers from many problems. The effects of socio-economic inf luences on Marys health are many. The impacts of socio-economic influences on Marys health are affable support networks Social support networks of Mary were not good. For this reason, she could not maintain the socio-economic influences.Low income Marys income was low. For this the low income have a great impact of socio-economy as sanitary as on her health.Education Mary was not so much well educated. So, she cant influence the socio-economic factors.Genetics As a woman Mary has some limitations. She cant move to all side because of her pregnancy.LO1.2 The significance of regime sources in reporting on inequalities in health political sympathies research says that adverse environmental conditions create some significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, inwardly countries and within communities. As a professional woman Mary is facing some socioeconomic inequalities regarding health. In the light of governm ent reports Mary is facing the following inequalities-Social inequalities tie in to ambient air qualityThere is an inconsistent relationship between exposure to socioeconomic status and air pollution. In some cases, the socioeconomic groups are in vulnerable position than the affluent group who are at higher risk. Factors affecting this include pre-existing health conditions, cumulative exposures and first derivative housing affordability in different geographical areas.Social inequalities associated with housing and residential locationMost research identified people as being more at risk of exposure to environmental hazards, both within the dwelling, chemical and biological contamination, temperature, noise, sanitary equipment and in the inhabited are from lower socioeconomic groups.Gender inequalitiesGender inequality is a great issue regarding health. Biological and social factors influence the way in which environmental factors influence health. Women are restricted in some w ays such as in workplace or in society and these restrictions create inequalities.Social inequalities in the working environment and work related health riskOccupational breeding is quite related with health. The grade of employment, job control, job demands and economic rewards are the different aspects influencing professional life. The education and income as well as other factors like unemployment, immigration status, ethnicity and gender are the occupational factors that influence health condition.Education inequalitiesEducation is somehow related to health. It is education which attends people to bemuse a better job and be on a better financial position. But Mary is not exceedingly educated as she quit school at the age of 15. Thats why it is quite difficult to get a good job and lead a better and healthy life for her.Financial inequalitiesResearches says that women are incoming low than men. As income is quite related to health so women are get unequal services than men. In Marys case she works on a supermarket 16 hours a week. That is not a high compose job and she doesnt get a very handsome amount as a salary. So it is quite difficult for her to get a better health flush for her and her baby.Government research found out the aspects of socioeconomic inequalities which help to create a social advisedness. The above aspects are quite related to Marys condition and we must say she is adversely affected by socioeconomic inequality.LO1.3 The reasons and the possible barriers for Mary accessing health careHealth care is very essential for everyone because we all know health is wealth. The objectives of accessing health care are prevention of disease and disability, overall physical, social, and mental health status, quality of life, detection and treatment of health conditions, life expectancy, preventable death,.There are several reasons behind Marys accessing in health care. Under pregnant condition Mary used to fastball for that reason her physi cal condition was not good. Besides, she tried to change her lifestyle. Moreover, she wants to take care of her health.There are some barriers to Marys accessing health care. For those barriers she has problem to take health care. Some of the main barriers of Marys accessing health care areGeographical barriers Because the standoffishness of Health care centre Mary cant go to the Heath care centre.Cultural barriers For the cultural barriers Mary cant go to the Heath care centre.Financial barriers Financial ability or condition of Mary was not good. For the high cost of health care Mary cant access to this.There are also some reasons and barriers for Mary to go to the health care Centre. But these are the main reasons and barriers behind accessing health care.Task-1BLO2.1 the think between government strategies and models of health promotionGovernment plays an important contribution to improve the health care service of the country. They took improve the health condition of the co untrymen and prevent the adverse effect of socioeconomic inequalities. There are also some models which are developed to provide better health care. However there are some links between the government strategies and models. We identify some relations between them shown as follows-Encourage fulfilment of smoking.To ensure health service for every class of people such as low income people, affluent group.There are some initiatives taken to deal with social problems and health inequalities match to health promotion model.Bring out the socioeconomic group from vulnerable position.Make sure that no gender inequalities can lead any hold out to take health service.Make a healthy living for the citizens for the purpose of living a healthy life.It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. No inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he o r she is. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. And these get ahead proper care and treatment for the pregnant women. And these strongly admonish smoking as well so that no people die in cancer.LO2.2The procedure of different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by governmentThere are many professionals who help the government to go to the targets of health promotions. The role of different professionals in health and social care are many for health promotion. The professionals help or support is much more important for the government to go through the goals.Nursing and Midwifery Council guidelines help Mary to protect her confidentiality. Mary gets the superfluous benefits from the professionals to the health promotions. Those professionals help Mary to take health care for meeting health promotion targets set by the government.There are many roles performed by the different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. They are as followHelp to cure the diseasesHelp to prevent from diseasesHelp for nursing in time of pregnancyHelp economicallyHelp to minimize riskHelp to get tug of povertyThese are the roles played by different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government.LO2.3 The role of routines in promoting healthy living with respect to MaryHealthy living is the pre-condition for the self-development of any person. Mary has a unborn fry as she is pregnant. It is more important for the woman with a unborn child.A routine life is the pre-condition, to maintain a healthy body or to prevent from any diseases. Mary must follow a routine to protect herself as well as her unborn child as she is a pregnant woman.Mary should not smoke specially at her pregnancy period because it can harm herself and mostly her unborn child. She may lose her health and her unborn child may also be affected to the diseases, if she does so. She can be healthy and can protect her unborn baby, by following the routine. Otherwise, she may get sick or her child may also be sick.At at last we can say to maintain a healthy life Mary can follow a routine which can help Mary to prevent from any kind of diseases. The unborn child may also be safe from the routine life like not smoking in the pregnancy time. Because, smoking can harm Mary as well as her unborn child.Task-2LO3.1 The theories of health fashion and health beliefs transformation into behaviorThere are many theories of health behavior in health promotion sectors. Some of the important theories of health behavior are as followsOrganizational change theoryCommunity organization theoryDiffusion of innovations theoryTheory of planned behaviorSocial learning/ social cognitive theoryTheory of reasoned actionThese theories are more often used in transformation of the health beliefs into th e behavior. Mary believes those health beliefs and does her duties and maintains her lifestyle in the following ways. Those health beliefs once may go to the behavior of her. These theories transform Marys health beliefs to her behavior.After all we pay back that through the health beliefs Mary makes it to the behavior of herself. Marys health behavior theories can transform the health beliefs into the behavior.LO3.2 the potential effects of conflicts with local attention on health promotionGovernment earns from various sources. Tax from local tobacco industry is one of those sources. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two.With millions of their customers either dying from tobacco-related illnesses or quitting each year, it is critical for the tobacco industry to keep recruiting new smokers. There is an obvious confl ict while government earning from the tobacco industry and on the other side initiating health promotion program which is strongly discouraging tobacco business.As we know from the case that Mary is a smoker. From the view of national economy it is contributing in the national economy. But it is so much injurious to health and causes cancer. It is also detrimental to her unborn child. The health promotion program is initiated to discourage all activities that harmful to health. It encouraging the prevention of all inequalities that Mary face while accessing to health care. It strongly encourages cessation of smoking.There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is growing. The health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. But it provides a segment of government income every year through taxation. If the promotion program continues than the government income source will be narrowed. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will carry on a great risk for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a lowest level and make them aware of the gloomy effect of smoking.LO3.3 The importance of providing relevant health related randomness to the publicThe government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions.Mary is a pregnant woman lives in UK. So the government and the authorities should provide her all health related information to avoid any kinds of health hazards.For example health related information can make the health of Mary sounder than anything else. So it is more important for Mary to get the proper health related information.Another example can be that, if proper health related information would available to Mary before her pregnancy, she would not go to such awful habits like smoking cause, it is more harmful for h er to pregnancy. Therefore, she would get the defensive measures to prevent any diseases and her unborn child health.At last we see that information is more important for keeping better health for any pregnant woman like Mary. Thats why Mary should be provided with the relevant health related information by those of the authorities.Task-3LO4.1 understanding of health promotion and ability to plan a specific health promotion campaignThis work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign.It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. So no inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is.There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this numbe r is increasing. But it provides a hazard of government income every year through taxation. So the health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking.LO4.2 Health promotion campaign supports government health promotion strategiesThis health promotion campaign supports all the government health promotion strategies. The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Government research says that there are significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease from adverse environmental conditions. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities.Task 4 Self EvaluationI take help from the internet and books to complete the assignment. The assignment helps me a lot to understand the health promotion issues. I use the Wikipedia and many others web site to take on the data of the assignment. I have completed the assignment by myself. . I usually find the data of the assignment from the UK health promotion bureau. This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign. I see that it is more important to be more aware about the health issue to keep fit and be healthy. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. A portion of this income comes from the local tobacco industries. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. There are many sources of income of government. That means that this assignment helps me to find the ultimate benefit and understanding about the health promotion sector. certaintyHealth promotion program is a very important issue. Marys health promotion is basically more important for her to maintain her health and her unborn child care. The promotional activities are also an important activity for anyone to follow.ReferencesWorld health organization(1986). WHO, Geneva. Ottawa charter on health promotionIn Davies, J, and MacDonald, G, (eds) Quality, health promotion Striving for Certainties. pp-5-11Epp , J. (1986) Evidence, and Effectiveness in Health Promotion Striving for Certainties, Routledge, London, UK, pp, 5-18MacDonald, G. and Davies, J. (1998) Reflec tion And vision Proving and improving the promotion of health.Rapfael, D. (2000) The question of evidence in health promotion. Health Promotion International